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Warm-Up / EOC Prep

Warm-Up / EOC Prep. 1. A segment of a DNA strand has the following bases: TAC GAT What is the complementary strand of DNA? A. UAG CAU B. TAG CAT C. ATG CTA D. AUG CUA 2. Which relationship is most similar to the relationship below? tRNA : ribosome

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Warm-Up / EOC Prep

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  1. Warm-Up / EOC Prep 1. A segment of a DNA strand has the following bases: TAC GAT What is the complementary strand of DNA? A. UAG CAU B. TAG CAT C. ATG CTA D. AUG CUA 2. Which relationship is most similar to the relationship below? tRNA : ribosome A. book : publisher B. truck : factory C. key : lock D. baker : pie

  2. Agenda • Warm-up • Notes- Mutations • Mutation Practice WS • BINGO (If we have time) • DNA Quiz • Clean-up • Cool-Down

  3. Mutations and Gene Regulation

  4. Remember: In Eukaryotes, DNA is found in the nucleus. • For the most part, all of the cells in an organism’s body have the same DNA. However, we have learned in the past that cells are specialized for specific tasks and parts of the body. • How can they be specialized but have the exact same DNA, the exact same instructions?

  5. Cell differentiation is the way that cells become different from each other as they go through mitosis. • At first, all cells are the same and are not specialized. These cells are called stem cells. • As they grow and divide they become differentiated and specialized into heart cells, brain cells, liver cells, etc.

  6. The differentiation of cells, despite the fact that all cells have the same DNA, occurs due to gene regulation. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells can regulate which genes are expressed and which are not, depending on the cell’s needs.

  7. Cell Organization Review • Specialized cells have specific jobs. • A group of similar cells working together to perform the same function is called a tissue. • Ex: muscle, epithelial, connective, nervous • A group of similar tissues working together to perform the same function is called an organ • Ex: heart • A group of similar organs working together to perform the same function is called an organ system. • Ex: circulatory system

  8. The four levels of organization: • Cell

  9. 2. Tissue • Four types: muscle, connective, epithelial, nervous

  10. 3. organ

  11. 4. organ system

  12. As different cells respond to the environment they produce different types and amounts of proteins by “turning on” some genes and “turning off” other genes. • Remember: A gene is a segment of DNA located on a chromosome that codes for a specific hereditary trait. • This protein production is what specializes different cells for different jobs.

  13. Turning on and off genes can be an advantage or a disadvantage to the cell. Gene regulation can cause the overproduction or underproduction of proteins as well as the production of proteins at incorrect times. • An overproduction of proteins can cause cancer (the uncontrolled growth of cells), however, overproduction of proteins can also help the body, such as in injury repair

  14. Just like poor gene regulation, mutations can also cause problems in cells.

  15. A mutation is a change in the nucleotide-base sequence of a gene or DNA molecule • When the cell copies its DNA, the enzyme DNA polymerase is in charge of proofreading the new DNA strand for errors. If it makes an error and doesn’t correct it, a mutation occurs.

  16. Mutations can disrupt the functions of proteins.

  17. Examples • DNA: TAC-GGC-GAG-TAG-CCT • RNA: AUG-CCG-CUC-AUC-GGA • AA: Met - Pro -Leu -Iso -Gly • These amino acids in this order make up a specific protein that is needed by the body.

  18. Examples • If one DNA nucleotide is changed, look what happens to the protein… • DNA: TAC-GTC-GAG-TAG-CCT • RNA: AUG-CAG-CUC-AUC-GGA • AA: Met - Glu -Leu -Iso -Gly • Now a point mutation has been made, or perhaps an amino acid sequence that is different and will do nothing.

  19. Examples • A different type of mutation can occur called a frame-shift mutation. What would happen if DNA Polymerase accidently removed one of the nucleotides in the original DNA sequence? • DNA: TAC-GGC-GAG-TAG-CCT • DNA: TAC-GGC-AGT-AGC-CT • RNA: AUG-CCG-UCA-UCG-GA • AA: Met - Pro -Ser -Ser - --- X

  20. Types of Mutations • Gene Mutations • Point Mutation (not serious usually) • Frame Shift Mutations (serious) • Insertion Deletion • Chromosome Mutations (all very serious) • Deletion Insertion • Inversion • Translocation

  21. Types of Gene Mutations

  22. Types of Chromosome Mutations

  23. REVIEW • What is a mutation?

  24. A change in a nucleotide base sequence

  25. Name that mutation: • THE CAT SAT THE TAC SAT

  26. Inversion

  27. Name that mutation: • THE CAT SAT  THE CT SAT

  28. Deletion

  29. Name that mutation: • THE CAT SAT  THE CATTA SAT

  30. Insertion

  31. Name that mutation: • THE CAT SAT  ITH ECA TSA

  32. Frameshift mutation

  33. Mutation Practice • If your birthday is.. • Jan-Mar: insertion • Apr-June: deletion • July-Sept: inversion • Oct-Dec: point mutation • Mutate this mRNA strand according to your birthday. • ACU CGA ACA

  34. Now.. • Take the original sequence and translate it. • Also take your mutated sequence and translate it. • Did the amino acid chain change because of the mutation?

  35. Mutation Practice • If your birthday is.. • Jan-Mar: point mutation • Apr-June: insertion • July-Sept: deletion • Oct-Dec: inversion • Mutate this mRNA strand according to your birthday. • CAC UAG AGU

  36. Now.. • Take the original sequence and translate it. • Also take your mutated sequence and translate it. • Did the amino acid chain change because of the mutation?

  37. Mutation Practice • If your birthday is.. • Jan-Mar: inversion • Apr-June: point mutation • July-Sept: insertion • Oct-Dec: deletion • Mutate this mRNA strand according to your birthday. • UCC GAC GCA

  38. Now.. • Take the original sequence and translate it. • Also take your mutated sequence and translate it. • Did the amino acid chain change because of the mutation?

  39. Mutation Practice • If your birthday is.. • Jan-Mar: deletion • Apr-June: inversion • July-Sept: point mutation • Oct-Dec: insertion • Mutate this mRNA strand according to your birthday. • ACT CGA UCG

  40. Now.. • Take the original sequence and translate it. • Also take your mutated sequence and translate it. • Did the amino acid chain change because of the mutation?

  41. Whiteboards & Markers Away!

  42. Complete the Mutation Practice worksheet.

  43. Complementary DNA Strand • TCTAAC • CTTAAG • GAGATC • AGTCAG • CAGGTT • AACGUC • GCTACG • CGAATT

  44. Transcribe DNA to mRNA • ATCGAA • GGCATA • CTAGCA • TTCAGG • AGTCAT • GTCAGT • CCAGGT • AATTGC

  45. Reverse Transcription: mRNA to DNA • AUGCAA • UGAACC • AUGCCA • GUCACU • ACUGUA • CGUCAC • UCGACC • ACGUUA

  46. Translate: mRNA to protein chain • AUGCAA • UGAACC • AUGCCA • GUCACU • ACUGUA • CGUCAC • UCGACC • ACGUUA

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