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Body Systems

Body Systems. Steven R. Pruett, PhD, CRC RCS 6080 Medical and Psychosocial Aspects of Rehabilitation Counseling. SKIN. The largest (18 square feet) & most superficial system of the body Consists of two main parts: epidermis : outer, keratinized layer

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Body Systems

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  1. Body Systems Steven R. Pruett, PhD, CRC RCS 6080Medical and Psychosocial Aspects of Rehabilitation Counseling

  2. SKIN • The largest (18 square feet) & most superficial system of the body • Consists of two main parts: • epidermis: outer, keratinized layer • dermis: inner, connective tissue layer containing nerve endings, tactile corpuscles, blood vessels, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and hair follicles • “third layer” known as Hypodermia: subcutaneous level that contains fat, blood vessels, bases of hair folicles etc.

  3. Epidermis • Has several layers that contain four cell types: • Keratinacytes • Melancytes • Merkel’s cells • Langerhan’s cells

  4. Layers of epidermis • Thick Skin has 5 layers (i.e. palm or sole of feet) whereas thin skin (i.e. eyelid) may have only 3-4 layers. • Stratum basale • Stratum spinosum • Stratum granulosum • Stratum lucidum • Stratum corneum

  5. Dermis • Dermis – also known as “true skin” lies beneath the epidermis. • Major parts • Collagen (protein that adds strength) • Reticular fibers (supportive thin protein fibers) • Elastic fibers (protein for flexibility) • Two layers – Papillary and Reticular

  6. Other contents of skin • Sweat glands (sudoriferous) • Eccrine • Apocrine • Hair • Nails

  7. Function of skin • Protection against chemical, physical and biological damage; • Helping to maintain a constant body temperature; • Detection of stimuli in the external environment; • Synthesis of important biological compounds such as vitamin D and collagenase; • Providing a significant blood reservoir, stored within the dermal vasculature; • Excretion of excess water, salt and nitrogenous metabolic wastes through the process of sweating.

  8. MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM • Serves to provide mechanical support for the body, protect vital internal organs, store minerals, and produce blood • Also works as a lever system on which muscles set across joints to result in body movements • Tendons attach the contracting part of the muscles to bones • Ligaments connect two or more bones and also stabilize joints

  9. NERVOUS SYSTEM • The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) • The basic functional unit of the nervous system is the neuron • Neuron consists of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon

  10. CNS • Includes the brain and the spinal cord • Brain is divided into the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the brain stem

  11. CEREBRUM • Consists of the left and right cerebral hemispheres • Largest part of the brain • The thin outer layer consists of gray matter (the cortex) and the interior portion consists of white matter • Divided into the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes

  12. FRONTAL LOBE • Involved in planning, organizing, problem-solving, selective attention, personality, and a variety of "higher cognitive functions" including behavior and emotions

  13. PARIETAL LOBE • Concerned with integrating sensations

  14. TEMPORAL LOBE • The primary area where auditory stimuli are received

  15. OCCIPITAL LOBE • The primary area where visual stimuli are received

  16. BASAL GANGLIA • Concerned with the programming and initiation of movement and posture

  17. LIMBIC SYSTEM • Is directly concerned with smell and also with the control of feeding behavior, circadian rhythms, sexual behavior, fear, rage, and motivation

  18. CEREBELLUM • Has three main functions: • maintenance of equilibrium and balance of the trunk • regulation of muscle tension involved in the spinal nerve reflexes and posture and orientation of limbs • regulation of the coordination of fine limb movements

  19. BRAIN STEM • Consists of the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata

  20. SPINAL CORD

  21. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM • Includes the 12 cranial nerves, except the olfactory and the optic nerves, and the 31 pairs of spinal nerves

  22. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM • Includes the nose, nasal passages, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

  23. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

  24. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM • The lymphatic system is also part of the vascular network and consists of the lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic collecting vessels, and lymph nodes

  25. HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM • Blood cells include white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets

  26. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM • The digestive system grossly consists of the mouth, teeth, tongue, salivary glands, throat, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon, rectum, and anal sphincter, as well as the liver, gall bladder, and pancreas

  27. GENITOURINARY SYSTEM

  28. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM • The major endocrine glands are the thyroid gland, the parathyroid glands, the pituitary gland, the adrenal glands, and the pancreas

  29. VISUAL SYSTEM • Generally speaking, visual images are formed in the retina and conveyed to the occipital lobes of the brain via the optic nerves

  30. AUDITORY AND VESTIBULAR SYSTEM • The ear can be divided into the external ear, the middle ear (tympanic cavity), and the inner ear (labyrinth)

  31. Rehab Models:Continuum of Care • Acute Inpatient Rehab Programs • Close medical supervision – 24 hour nursing care • Can be part of a general hospital or a free-standing hospital: Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Shepherd Center in Atlanta, Craig Rehabilitation Hospital in Denver. • Inpatient skilled licensed rehab programs • Skilled nursing facilities allow individuals to spend a longer period of recuperation

  32. Continuum of Rehab Care • Comprehensive Day Treatment Programs • Outpatient Rehabilitation Programs • Residential Rehabilitation Programs • Home & Community Programs

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