COLD WAR

1. COLD WAR

2. Defining the Cold War • “to mean that relations between East and West are cold, frozen, paralayzed 2. However, in spite of 1 relations are to some extent restrained and have not reached the point of “hot” war

3. Origins of the Cold War 1. Oct. 1917 Bolshevik Revolution 2. October 1944 Moscow meeting of Churchill and Stalin (percentages agreement) 3. July 1945 US atomic bomb 4. March 1946 Churchill Iron Curtain speech 5. Others...

4. Churchill’s March 1946 iron curtain remarks • From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an "iron curtain" has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia; all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject, in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and in some cases increasing measure of control from Moscow.

5. Phases of the Cold War 1946-1953 First cold war 1953-1969 oscillation 1969-1979 Detente 1979-1987/88 second cold war 1989-1991 end of the Cold War collapse of communism in Europe and the Soviet Union

6. Characteristics of the first Cold War 1. Military build-up, particularly of the nuclear type on both sides 2. Intense propaganda campaigns between two camps, try to denigrate each other 3. No successful negotiations between the USA and USSR on issues of mutual concern in Europe or in the rest of the world (iron curtain) 4. Conflict between capitalism and communism found expression in third world situations 5. Tightening of controls within the capitalist and communist camps 6. East-West confrontation came to dominate or condition other conflicts

7. Issues of First Cold War • Poland’s future • the question of Germany • spheres of influence • military insecurity

8. Poland’s future • Disputes over Yalta Feb. 1945, Declaration of Liberated Europe (London vs. Lublin govs.) 2. Yalta comprimise arrangement with non-communists but dispute over numbers in cabinet, Truman more critical than Roosevelt 3. Stalin’s fears/concerns: no invasion, resources needed, rebuilding requires control, fear of capitalist encirclement, inevitability of war with capitalists, impossibility of disarmament

9. The Question of Germany • Initial agreement to restrain Germany (de-nazification, disarm) 2. Germany mjust remain a single unit (except some loss of land to S.U. And Poland 3. War reparations, initial sum 20 USD bn. Half of which to Poland and S.U.

10. Disagreements over the last two • British prefer a single economic unit, Soviets prefer a single political unit (hoping it would be communist) • Occupation solidifies as the idea of restraining Germany transformed to acquiring it. 3. Divisions of war reparations, S.U. Remove industrial equipment and railways, British/US prefer reviving economy.

11. Birth of FRG • Britiain and the US decide to unify occupation zones, June 1948, set up a constitutent assembly in Bonn, September. • French zone joins in April 1949 3. FRG declared Sept. 1949 4. DDR set up by S.U. 1949 5. Schuman Declaration May 1950, ECSC 1951

12. Spheres of Influence • Moscow Conference Oct. 1944, Chruchill-Stalin, Romania 90 %, Bulgaria/Hungary 80 %, Yogoslavia % 50, Greece 10 % • Fears of Soviet expansionism – Baltic anenxation, demands for “well disposed governments in Eastern Europe”, Soviet demans on Turkley, Soviet reluctance fo withdrew from Iran, support for Greek communists during civil war • “Domino theory” (loss of Greece, outflanks Turkey and Iran, Yogoslavia communist, Italian Communist Party, France 2nd largest CP, 4 in government, largest trade union)

13. Truman Doctrine, March 1947 and Marshall Plan, April 1948 • Assist free peoples, 400 millions USD for Greece and Turkey, first step towards “strategy of containment” advocated by George Kennan in “article by X” • February 1948 Czech coup d’etat Soviet engineered • Marshall Plan put into effect extending 13 bn USD on top of already spent 12 bn USD to fill European “dollar gap”. • At the time Europe economically still devastated, 46/47 coldest winter, German production at 29 % of 1936 level, 1 cigarette packet= one month’s average salary)

14. Military Insecurity • Nuclear weapons: July 1945 1st atromic bomb, August Hiroshima and nagasaki, 1949 Soviet bomb • Soviet feel at mercy of US atomic bombs, as deterence keeps troops in Europe triggers Western insecurity • Czech coup of 1948, followed by Berlin Blocade June 1948-May 1949 aggravates insecurity • Defence of Western Europe: NATO in 1949 • Warsaw Pact in May 1955

15. 1946-1949: a divided Europe • Security: NATO/Warsaw Pact • Political: Truman containment of communism strategy, emphasize democracy • Economics: Marshall Plan revived capitalism, OECD (1948) vs. COMECON (1849)

16. Composition of East and West during the Cold War Eastern Bloc Narrow definition: Warsaw Pact members (f. 1955) (USSR, East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria) (Yugoslavia evicted from COMINTERN in 1948, Albania broke relations in 1961 and left WP in 1968) Broader definition: All countries in the world run by single socialist parties of Asia, Africa and Latin America (centrally planned, single party)

17. Western Bloc: Narrow definition: NATO members (f. 1949) (US, Canada, Iceland, UK, Norway, Denmark, Belgium, Netherlands, West Germany (1955), (France, leaves command 1966), Luxembourg, Italy, Greece (1952), Turkey (1952) and Spain (1982). Broader definition would include countries neither non-aligned or socialist but tied or member of military organizations led by US such as CENTO (1955-1979), SEATO (1954-1977), ANZUS (1951) Neutrals: Ireland, Switzerland, Sweden, Austria, Finland Yugoslavia, Malta (non-aligned)