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Body Systems

Body Systems. Levels of Organization. ATOMS (basic building block of matter) CELLS (building blocks of life) TISSUES (a group of similar cells that work together to perform a common function). Levels of Organization.

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Body Systems

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  1. Body Systems

  2. Levels of Organization • ATOMS(basic building block of matter) • CELLS (building blocks of life) • TISSUES (a group of similar cells that work together to perform a common function)

  3. Levels of Organization • ORGANS (a group of two or more types of tissues working together to perform a specific function) • ORGAN SYSTEMS (a group of organs that work together to carry out major activities or processes)

  4. Level of Organization • ORGANISMS (a complete being)

  5. Body Systems Circulatory System Nervous System Respiratory System Digestive System Endocrine System Skeletal system Excretory System Muscular System Immune System Reproductive System Integumentary

  6. Homeostasis • What is homeostasis? • A state of biological balance in an organism. • What are some examples of how human body systems work together to maintain homeostasis?

  7. Feedback Loop Information sent to… CONTROL CENTER Control center determines and sends output to… EFFECTOR-delivers response from control center RECEPTOR—senses the change (sensor) Stimulus produces a change Response goes back to influence stimulus amount and return to homeostasis IMBALANCE Homeostasis Variable

  8. Negative vs. Positive Feedback Mechanisms • What do you think is the difference between a negative feedback mechanism and a positive feedback mechanism? • Negative: Goal is to return to “normal” by shutting off or reducing the original stimulus • Examples: body temperature regulation, breathing rate and blood pressure • Positive: Goal is to stray farther from “normal” by increasing the original stimulus • Examples: childbirth and blood clotting

  9. Circulatory System

  10. Circulatory System • The main parts of the Circulatory system are the; • veins • capillaries • arteries • heart Arteries – carry (oxygenated) blood away from the heart Veins – carry (deoxygenated) blood back to the heart from parts of the body This process is called circulation.

  11. Nervous System • The nervous system is the control center of the human body. • It is made up of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. • It receives and interprets stimuli and transmits impulses to organs. • Your brain uses the information it receives to coordinate all of your actions and reactions.

  12. Overview of a vertebrate nervous system

  13. Structure of a vertebrate neuron What are the functions of: dendrites, axons, myelin sheath, synapses?

  14. Respiratory System

  15. Respiratory System The respiratory system's function is to allow oxygen exchange through all parts of the body • When we inhale, the body takes in the oxygen that it needs . • Exhaling removes the carbon dioxide that it doesn't need. • Includes: mouth, nose, lungs and diaphargm.

  16. Digestive System • Digestionis the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into smaller components that are more easily absorbed into a blood stream, for instance. • The hydrochloric acid in the stomach has a low pH, which allows enzymes to work more efficiently. After some time, the resulting thick liquid is called chyme. • Chyme will go through the small intestine, where 95% of absorption of nutrients occurs, through the large intestine, and are eliminated during defecation. • http://sciencenetlinks.com/esheets/all-systems-go/

  17. Endocrine System • This system regulates, coordinates, and controls hormones, body functions, and secretions in the blood. • Secretions help control moods, growth, development, and metabolism. • made up of : • Hypothalamus • Pituitary gland • thyroid gland • Thymus • Ovaries • Testis • adrenal glands

  18. Types of Hormones • Protein hormones • Polar • Can they go through the cell membrane? • Steroid hormones • Made from cholesterol • Can they go through the cell membrane?

  19. How can hormones maintain homeostasis? Negative Feedback

  20. Skeletal System

  21. Types of Skeletal Systems • Exoskeleton – hard, waxy coverings on outside of some invertebrates’ bodies. • Endoskeleton • 1. Supports the body • 2. Protects internal organs • 3. Provides for movement • 4. Stores minerals • 5. Where blood is made How Many Bones? Total = 206 bones

  22. Excretory System

  23. Excretory System (Urinary) • the removal of waste substances from the body Kidneys Sweat glands Blood passes through the kidneys 300 times a day Lungs Rectum (digestive)

  24. Excretory • Primary organ for the excretory system are the Kidneys The kidneys balance the volume of fluids and minerals in the body. This balance in the body is called homeostasis Blood passes through the kidneys 300 times a day

  25. Muscular System

  26. Muscular System • composed of skeletal smooth, and cardiac muscle tissue Muscular Movement: Voluntary movement is moving by choice: running, dancing , typing 2. Involuntary movement is moving without thinking: heart beating, breathing, reflex

  27. Reproductive System • This system ensures that humans are able to reproduce and survive as a species. It is made up of organs such as the uterus, penis, ovaries, and testes.

  28. What is the function of the immune system? Immune System

  29. Blocking germs from getting in in the first place Skin Mucous membranes Low pH in stomach First Line of Defense

  30. Second Line of Defense • Attacks invaders when they get in • Not specific – kills all cells that aren’t supposed to be there Phagocytotic WBC Fever Inflammation

  31. Third Line of Defense • Specific – attacks a specific invader (antigen) • Examples – cold, flu, measels • Antigens – cause a specific immune response • Made up of white blood cells (lymphocytes) • B cells – Humoral Response • T cells – Cell-Mediated Response

  32. Helper T-Cells • A macrophage (phagocytotic WBC) eats an invader • It wears surface proteins of the bacteria • The Helper T-Cell that can fight this infection recognizes the surface protein • The Helper T-Cell organizes B Cells and Cytotoxic T-Cells • ** Helper T-Cells are Coordinators **

  33. B Cells Make antibodies; Antibodies prevent invader from infecting new cells Lock and key fit (Invader)

  34. HIV attacks Helper T-Cells Very low Helper T Cell Can’t fight infections

  35. Integumentary System A system consisting of the skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands that protects the body and controls body temperature.

  36. Systems working together • Regulation (Homeostasis) • Nervous, Endocrine and Respiratory Nutrient Absorption Digestive, Circulatory and Excretory Reproduction Reproductive and Hormone Defense Skeletomuscular, Integumentary and Immune

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