Chapter 8 Emotion & Motivation

1. Chapter 8Emotion & Motivation

2. Emotions:Positive or Negative Feeling States • Emotion: a positive or negative feeling state typically including some combination of physiological arousal, cognitive appraisal, and behavioral expression

3. What is an emotion? • Emotions are responses, including physiological responses • Sense or experience of feeling • Leads to expression, behavior; can be a motive • Related to thoughts and beliefs as well as immediate experience

4. Emotions • Basic emotions are universal • They include happiness, fear, anger, surprise, sadness, disgust, interest, etc. • Facial expressions (also universal) are the most reliable cues

5. Functionalist View of Emotion • What is their purpose? • Emotions are means of communicating and play a role in relationships. • They are also linked to an individual’s goals and motivation toward progress and overcoming obstacles. • Subjective evaluation of good and bad; comparable to pain in the physical realm

6. What is emotional intelligence (EQ)? • Gardners “interpersonal intelligence” • Salovey & Mayer (1990): ability to perceive and express emotion accurately • MSCEIT (2002) Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test • Daniel Goleman (1995) Published a book, “Emotional Intelligence”

7. What is emotional intelligence (EQ)? Salovey & Mayer (1990): ability to perceive and express emotion accurately, including: taking perspective understanding the roles of emotion in relationships using feelings to facilitate thought managing emotions such as anger

8. Emotions Gone Awry • . . . Are the basis for some mental disorders. • Clinical depression • Bipolar disorder • Anxiety disorders • Intermittent explosive disorder • Antisocial personality disorder

9. Emotions: Unifying Characteristics • Involve reactions of many bodily systems, • Expressions are based on genetically transmitted mechanisms but are altered by learning and interpretation of events, • Communicate information between people, and are important to relationships. • Help individuals respond to changes in their environment.

10. Emotions Result in Bodily Responses • The autonomic nervous system produces bodily responses of emotion. • It has two separate branches: • Sympathetic: geared toward energy expenditure • Parasympathetic: geared toward energy conservation and “refueling”

11. Three Brain Regions Coordinate Emotional Responses • The hypothalamus • vital link between higher-order cognition (forebrain) and the lower brain (homeostatic control of the body) • The limbic system (amygdala) • Two distinct neural circuits produce emotional responses, particularly fear • The cerebral cortex • Important for the subjective experience of emotions

12. Cognition and Emotion • The brain’s shortcut for emotions

13. Emotional Arousal

14. Lie Detectors • Polygraph • machine commonly used in attempts to detect lies • measures several arousal responses that accompany emotion • perspiration • heart rate • blood pressure • breathing changes

15. Respiration Perspiration Heart rate Control question Relevant question Control question Relevant question (a) (b) Emotion - Lie Detectors

16. Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Innocent people Guilty people Judged innocent by polygraph Judged guilty by polygraph Emotion - Lie Detectors • 50 Innocents • 50 Thieves • 1/3 of innocent declared guilty • 1/4 of guilty declared innocent (from Kleinmuntz & Szucko, 1984)

17. Subjective Well-Being • self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life/contentment • used along with measures of objective well-being • physical and economic indicators to evaluate people’s quality of life

18. $20,000 $19,000 $18,000 $17,000 $16,000 $15,000 $14,000 $13,000 $12,000 $11,000 $10,000 $9,000 $8,000 $7,000 $6,000 $5,000 $4,000 Average per-person after-tax income in 1995 dollars 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Percentage describing themselves as very happy Personal income Percentage very happy 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year Emotional Well-being • Does money buy happiness?

19. 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 Importance scores Money Love 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 Life satisfaction Emotional Well-being • Values and life satisfaction

20. Emotional Well-being • Adaptation-Level Phenomenon • tendency to form judgments relative to a “neutral” level • brightness of lights • volume of sound • level of income • defined by our prior experience • Relative Deprivation • perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

21. However, Happiness Seems Not Much Related to Other Factors, Such as Age Gender (women are more often depressed, but also more often joyful) Education levels Parenthood (having children or not) Physical attractiveness Researchers Have Found That Happy People Tend to Have high self-esteem (in individualistic countries) Be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable Have close friendships or a satisfying marriage Have work and leisure that engage their skills Have a meaningful religious faith Sleep well and exercise Factors Affecting Happiness

22. Emotions are Motivating • Feel bad-Do Bad: the negative emotions of anger and fear usually result in maladaptive responses

23. Emotions are Motivating • Feel-good, do-good phenomenon • people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

24. Motivation Is a Dynamic Process • The study of motivation is essentially the study of what moves a person or animal to act in a particular way. • Motivation: an inner state that energizes behavior toward the fulfillment of a goal

25. Theories of Motivation Internal: something about the organism pushes it toward (or away from) some object External: attributes of the goal or the environment pull the organism in a certain direction

26. Biological Motivation: Drive Reduction Theories: • Homeostasis: tendency to keep physiological systems internally balanced and adjusting in response to change • an imbalance in homeostasis creates a physiological need, which produces a drive that motivates the organism to satisfy the need

27. Drive-Reduction Theory

28. Arousal Motivation Maintaining an Optimal Level • Research indicates too low levels of arousal are as uncomfortable as those that are too high. • Yerkes-Dodson law. • Best performance occurs when we are at an intermediate level of arousal.

29. The Yerkes-Dodson Law

30. Incentive Motivation: External Factors Motivate Behavior • Behavior is directed toward attaining desirable stimuli (positive incentives) & avoiding undesirable stimuli ( negative incentives). (Remember operant conditioning: an incentive is the promise of reinforcement.) • Any stimulus that we learn to associate with positive or negative outcomes can serve as an incentive for behavior.

31. Incentive Theory: External Factors Motivate Behavior • Researchers distinguish two types of motivation: • Intrinsic motivation: a behavior or an activity that a person perceives as a valued goal in its own right • Extrinsic motivation: type of motivation that leads a person to engage in a behavior or an activity for external reasons

32. Maslow Proposed Some Needs Must Be Met before Others • We are born with a hierarchy of needs. • First, basic safety and survival needs needs must be sufficiently satisfied. • Next, the person is motivated by more social needs such as the desire for intimacy, love, and acceptance from others. • These are followed by esteem needs such as the desire for achievement, power, recognition, and respect from others. • All the needs in the four levels of the hierarchy are deficiency needs.

33. Psychological Needs/MotivesMaslow’s Needs Hierarchy

34. Do We Prioritize our Needs? Maslow Proposed Some Needs Must Be Met before Others He also said that self-actualization, the need to fulfill one’s potential, is the ultimate goal of human growth. This is an appealing theory of motivation in business, education, etc., and it provides an organized framework for discussing human motives. However, the simplicity of the theory proved to be its primary problem. (It tells us little that we did not already know and explains nothing.

35. Obesity & Eating Disorders: Internal & External Forces • Definition of obesity: the excessive accumulation of body fat • Diagnosis: calculate body mass index (BMI), which is weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared (30 kg/m2) • Person with body mass index over 30 is considered obese.

36. Do Genes Shape Our Motivation?Are eating patterns hereditary? • Instinct: an unlearned, relatively fixed pattern of behavior that is essential to a species’ survival • In the early 1900s William McDougall and other instinct theorists contended that much of human behavior is controlled by instincts. • The problem with these instinct theories is that many so-called instinctual behaviors are learned and shaped by experience.

37. Then what determines eating patterns? • Internals – listen to hunger cues from the body • Externals – are pulled by the incentives of tasty food and social cues • People differ individually, so there may be genetic influence.

38. Biological influences on Eating Patterns • Hormones such as gastrin, leptin, and cholecystokinin (CCK) produced by a full stomach/digestive track • Blood glucose and insulin levels • Monitoring by the hypothalamus

39. The Psychology of EatingLearned Eating Patterns • Classical conditioning • Comfort food • Social events • Social acceptability • Acquired tastes

40. Obesity & Eating Disorders: Social/Cultural Forces From 1991 to 1998, 50% increase in number of obese American adults (12% to 18%) • Number of overweight children has doubled in past 20 years. • Obesity closely related to chronic health conditions: high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, arthritis, & sleep disorders

41. Obesity & Eating Disorders: Social Forces • Weight discrimination more pervasive and widely condoned than race and gender discrimination • Results in social climate that pressures people to reach certain body ideals • Female ideal stresses difficult-to-attain thinness standards that endanger women’s health • Women of all ages more likely to view their bodies as objects of others’ attention and evaluate their bodies more negatively than men • Women more likely to habitually experience social physique anxiety, which is anxiety about others observing or evaluating their bodies

42. Obesity & Eating Disorders • Anorexia nervosa: eating disorder in which person weighs less than 85% of normal weight & expresses an intense fear of gaining weight. • Bulimia: eating disorder in which person engages in recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by drastic measures to purge body of consumed calories • In addition to sociocultural factors, a growing body of evidence suggests possible genetic and motivational influences on these eating disorders.

43. Sexual Motivation • Sex is not a survival drive. • However, sexual behavior is essential for the continuation of a species. • The reinforcing properties of sex may involve the same brain structures and neurotransmitter systems that are stimulated by cocaine and other addictive drugs.

44. Sexual Motivations • Sexual behaviors may be influenced by: • Biological drive states • Psychological Needs: affiliation, acceptance, affection, achievement • Cultural customs and morals: relationship factors, religious Beliefs

45. Forces Affecting Sexual Motivation

46. Decisions about Engaging in Sex: More Cultural than Biological • Percent of teenagers experiencing sex: • Varies across cultures • 50-80% of American teenagers • 2.5% China • Varies across history • 3% of American women age 18 in 1900 • 50% of American women age 18 in 1998

47. Psychological Motives for Sexual Behavior • peer approval • need to feel valued • need for intimacy • stress reduction • need for power • desire to have children • belief that you are supposed to have an active sex life to be healthy

48. Sex and Relationships • Sex is most satisfying and has the least capacity for harm in intimate, committed relationships. • 80% of adults in committed relationships , and 88% in “extremely physically and emotionally satisfied.” • However, sex is frequently engaged in for a variety of other motives.

49. Sex and Relationships • “Sex is a socially significant act.” • It will affect your self-concept. • It will affect your current relationship. • It will influence relationships with future partners. • It will affect your relationship with parents and family. • It will affect your peer and friendship relationships. • It may cause you to become a parent under unintended circumstances.

50. Are we using each other? People also have sexual relationships for selfish motives. Use others to satisfy own desires Feeling of power & control Frighten, dominate, or humiliate another Demonstrate own attractiveness