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Cell Energy

Explore why cells need energy for vital functions like mitosis and muscle contraction. Learn about ATP, photosynthesis, and cellular respiration processes in plants and animals. Discover how energy is stored, released, and utilized in living organisms.

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Cell Energy

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  1. Cell Energy

  2. Why do cells need energy?*ALL ORGANISMS NEED ENERGY • To undergo mitosis • To maintain homeostasis • To make more energy • Active Transport • Nerve transmission • Muscle Contraction • Bioluminescence (glowing)

  3. How do Cells Store Energy? • ATP • Adenosine Triphosphate • Made of : • 1 Adenine molecule • 1 Ribose sugar molecule • 3 Phosphate moleucles • Energy is stored in the bonds between theses molecules!

  4. Why the need for ATP? • Light energy is not absorbed in plants quickly enough without ATP • In animals, energy is used very quickly • ATP molecules are constantly burned! • ADP- Adenosine diphosphate • ATP ADP + phosphate • Energy is released! • AMP- Adenosine monophosphate • ADP AMP + phosphate • Energy is released!

  5. How is ATP made? ATP A-P ≈P ≈P Nerve Conduction and active transport (uses ATP) Photosynthesis and Respiration (makes ATP) ADP A-P ≈P

  6. Photosynthesis • Photo= Light • Syntheis= To make • The process in which plants use solar energy to create energy (ATP) • Plants use the CO2 (carbon dioxide) that animals breathe • Plants make O2 (oxygen) and glucose

  7. Photosynthesis happens in the chloroplast • Chloro= green -Plast= plastid • Contains chlorophyll which absorbs the sun’s energy • Thylakoid: Membrane that absorbs the sun’s energy • Grana: Stacks of thylakoids • Stroma: Fluid found inside of the chloroplast

  8. Equation for Photosynthesis LIGHT 6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 Chlorophyll REACTANTS PRODUCTS Raw Materials: CO2 and H2O, which are both inorganic Product: Glucose

  9. Light Dependant vs. Light Independent • Light dependant: needs energy from the sun to act as a catalyst for reactions to happen • Light independent: does not need energy from the sun, uses molecules made in the light dependant reactions to make energy • Also called the Calvin Cycle

  10. Process of Light Dependant Photosynthesis: • Light energy is absorbed and changed to chemical energy • Light energy is then transferred to the chlorophyll molecules in the thylakoid membrane • Chlorophyll acts as a catalyst • The energy level of the electrons rises due to light energy • This creates enough energy for photosynthesis to begin • Water splits into 2 H+ and O • ADP is made into ATP • Stores energy • O2 is released • Used for respiration

  11. Process of Light Independent Photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle) • ATP and NADPH (energy “helper” molecule) molecules are used- products of light dependant reaction • A carbon molecule in a carbohydrate is changed, which makes glucose • “Carbon Fixation” • Glucose is a high energy molecule

  12. Cell Respiration • Chemical energy from glucose and other food molecules is released • Is the process in which plants and animals release ATP

  13. Cell respiration happens on the mitochondria • The mitochondria is a double layered organelle • Folds inside are called cristae (increase surface area so more ATP can be made)

  14. Respiratory C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2+6H20 + 38 ATP • Equation for cell respiration Enzymes REACTANTS PRODUCTS • The equation of cell respiration is the opposite of photosynthesis!

  15. Two stages of cell respiration • Glycolysis: • Anaerobic • Happens in the cytoplasm of cell • Produces two ATP molecules • Kreb’s Cycle: • Aerobic • Electron Transport Chain (34 ATP) • Happens in the mitochondria • For every cycle of the Kreb’s Cycle, 1 ATP is made http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter7/how_the_krebs_cycle_works.html

  16. Fermentation: • Happens after the Kreb’s Cycle if oxygen is not present • IN PLANTS: Alcoholic fermentation • End product is ethyl alcohol • Used in brewing and baking (yeast) • End product is glucose • IN ANIMALS: Lactic Acid fermentation • Accumulates in human muscle tissue. End product is muscle fatigue • Used to make pickles, yogurt, buttermilk, sauerkraut • End product is glucose

  17. Cell Respiration ATP Totals Glycolysis 2 ATP Kreb’s Cycle 2 ATP Electron Transport 34 ATP Total 38 ATP

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