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5. BELIEFS SYSTEMS

Explore the origins and key beliefs of Animism, Judaism, and Christianity, pivotal religious systems that shaped early civilizations and continue to influence cultures worldwide.

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5. BELIEFS SYSTEMS

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  1. 5. BELIEFS SYSTEMS

  2. I. Animism - One of the earliest forms of religion - Based on the earliest beliefs that spirits controlled the laws of nature - Belief that every living and nonliving thing in nature has a spirit - Belief System of many Early Prehistoric people - Cave drawings of these early people express the beliefs of Animism - Early Religions of China and Africa combined animism with reverence of ancestors (ancestor worship)

  3. Cave Drawings

  4. II. JUDAISM 1. ORIGINS - Unlike the other groups living in the Middle East that were polytheistic, the Hebrews were monotheistic. - This difference was one of the primary reasons why the Hebrews were discriminated throughout the Middle East - The Hebrews believe that Yahweh, is their one and only God - The Hebrews entered into a Covenant, or mutual contract with Yahweh - Covenant: In return for the Hebrews obeying his teachings, Yahweh would protect the Hebrews and their land. - The early history of the Hebrew people is contained in their holy book known as the Torah.

  5. Yahweh’s “Covenant” With His People The most sacred text in the Jewish religious tradition. The Torah

  6. 2. Hebrew Leaders A. Abraham - IN THE TORAH, YAHWEH CHOSE ABRAHAM TO BE THE FATHER OF THE HEBREW PEOPLE. - ACCORDING TO THE TORAH, YAHWEH COMMANDED ABRAHAM TO SETTLE INTO CANAAN AROUND 1800 BCE. - LATER IN 1650 BCE, THE HEBREWS LEFT CANAAN DUE TO DROUGHT AND THE THREAT OF FAMINE AND MIGRATED TO EGYPT. - HOWEVER, IN EGYPT, THE HEBREWS WERE FORCED INTO SLAVERY.

  7. Abraham’s Journeys

  8. Abraham’s Journey from Ur

  9. 2. Hebrew Leaders ( Pg 2) B. Moses - Chief lawgiver of the Hebrew Faith - Moses led the Hebrews out of slavery in Egypt and guided the Hebrews through the Sinai Peninsula and into Palestine - This event is known as the Exodus and it is remembered every year during the festival of Passover - While on their journey to Palestine, Moses was given the Ten Commandments by Yahweh at Mount Sinai - The Ten Commandments is the set of religious and moral laws of the Jewish faith - As long as the Hebrews followed the Ten Commandments, they would be the Chosen People - Around 1025 BCE, the Hebrews organized the kingdom of Israel in Palestine

  10. Moses “Shepherd of His People”

  11. The Exodus

  12. Route of the Exodus

  13. Mount Sinai

  14. St. Catherine’s Monasteryat Mount Sinai

  15. Moses and the 10 Commandments A new “covenant” with Yahweh

  16. 2. HEBREW LEADERS (Pg 3.) C. DAVID -DURING THE REIGN OF KING DAVID, THE KINGDOM OF ISRAEL FLOURISHED - HE SUCCESSFULLY CONQUERED OTHER CULTURES AND MADE ALLIANCES WITH OTHERS TO MAKE THE HEBREWS SUPREME IN PALESTINE

  17. King David’s Empire

  18. 2. HEBREW LEADERS ( Pg. 4) D. SOLOMON - SON OF DAVID -DURING THE REIGN OF SOLOMON, A GREAT TEMPLE WAS BUILT IN THE CAPITAL CITY OF JERUSALEM. -THIS TEMPLE WAS TO GLORIFY YAHWEH AND SYMBOLIZE THE HEBREW CULTURE. -HOWEVER, HIS LAVISH SPENDING REQUIRED HEAVY TAXES WHICH CAUSED DISCONTENT

  19. Solomon’s Kingdom

  20. Recreation of Ancient Jerusalem

  21. The Temple Mount, Jerusalem Today Solomon’s Temple Wall: The “Wailing” Wall

  22. 3. END OF THE HEBREW KINGDOM - AFTER SOLOMON’S DEATH, THE KINGDOM OF ISRAEL BECAME DIVIDED INTO TWO LANDS, ISRAEL IN THE NORTH AND JUDAH IN THE SOUTH. -AFTER THE DIVISION OF ISRAEL, CULTURES BEGAN ATTACKING AND TAKING OVER PARTS OF ISRAEL - DURING THE INVASIONS, THE TEMPLE OF JERUSALEM WAS DESTROYED. - MANY HEBREWS WERE EXILED TO THE KINGDOM OF BABYLON. -HOWEVER, IN 539 BCE, 40,000 HEBREW EXILES WERE ALLOWED TO RETURN TO JERUSALEM AND REBUILD THE TEMPLE. THE SECOND TEMPLE WAS COMPLETED IN 515 BCE.

  23. 3. END OF THE HEBREW KINGDOM(Pg. 2) -HOWEVER, OTHER EMPIRES SUCH AS THE PERSIANS, GREEKS AND THE ROMANS WOULD CONTROL THE AREA AND THE DESTINY OF THE HEBREW PEOPLE. -THE ROMANS EVENTUALLY EXPELLED THE JEWS FROM PALESTINE IN 315 CE. THIS EVENT IS KNOWN AS THE DIASPORA, OR SCATTERING OF THE PEOPLE. -WHEREVER JEWS SETTLED, THEY LIVE IN CLOSE-KNIT COMMUNITIES AND MAINTAINED THEIR IDENTITY THROUGH CAREFUL PRESERVATION OF TRADITION

  24. Kingdoms of Judah & Israel

  25. Israelites in Captivity

  26. The Jewish Diaspora

  27. III. Christianity 1. ORIGINS - DURING THE ROMAN EMPIRE, MOST JEWS LIVED IN JUDEA. - AT FIRST, THE JEWS WERE NOT REQUIRED TO HONOR THE ROMAN GODS. - SOME JEWS KNOWN AS ZEALOTS FEARED THEIR RELIGION, JUDAISM WOULD BE WEAKENED BY OUTSIDE FORCES AND SUPPORTED A REBELLION AGAINST ROME TO ESTABLISH THEIR OWN INDEPENDENT STATE. - OTHER JEWS FELT THAT GOD WOULD SEND A MESSIAH, OR SAVIOR, TO LEAD THEM TO FREEDOM.

  28. Roman Palestine

  29. 2. JESUS OF NAZARETH - IN THIS SETTING, CHRISTIANITY AROSE FOUNDED BY THE FOLLOWERS OF THE JEWISH TEACHER JESUS OF NAZARETH. - JESUS HAD BEGUN TEACHING AROUND 27 CE, WANDERING THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRYSIDE WITH HIS FOLLOWERS OR DISCIPLES SPREADING HIS MESSAGE. - JESUS’ TEACHINGS WERE GROUNDED IN JEWISH TRADITIONS SUCH AS THE TEN COMMANDMENTS. HE EMPHASIZED THAT PEOPLE MUST LOVE OTHERS, AS THEY LOVE THEMSELVES. - THE ROMANS FEARED THAT JESUS WOULD LEAD TO AN UPRISING AND SOON AFTERWARD, JESUS CRUCIFIED. - ACCORDING TO THE BIBLE, THE HOLY BOOK OF CHRISTIANITY, JESUS AROSE FROM THE DEAD AFTER HIS CRUCIFIXION. - THE RESURRECTION OF JESUS BECAME THE CENTRAL EVENT OF THE CHRISTIAN FAITH.

  30. The Beginnings of Christianity

  31. The Life of Jesus Resurrection Crucifixion

  32. 3. THE BIBLE -THE MAIN SOURCE OF INFORMATION ABOUT THE TEACHINGS OF JESUS ARE THE GOSPELS GOSPELS- THE FIRST FOUR BOOKS OF THE NEW TESTAMENT OF THE BIBLE. -THE BIBLE IS BROKEN INTO TWO PARTS 1)THE OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY OF THE HEBREW PEOPLE AND TEACHINGS OF VARIOUS PROPHETS 2) THE NEW TESTAMENT TEACHINGS OF JESUS, EARLY CHRISTIAN HISTORY AND THE WORKS OF THE APOSTLES

  33. The Bible The Old TestamentThe New Testament History of the Hebrews The Gospels Ancient Prophets Works of the Apostles

  34. 4. Rise of the Roman Catholic Church -AFTER JESUS’ DEATH, HIS DISCIPLES WENT THROUGHOUT PALESTINE SPREADING HIS MESSAGE. -SOON CHRISTIANITY BEGAN TO SPREAD BECAUSE IT ACCEPTED EVERYONE, POOR OR RICH AND PROMISED HOPE AND FREEDOM FROM THE PENALTIES OF SIN AND DEATH. - THE ROMANS VIEWED CHRISTIANITY AS AN ATTACK ON ROMAN RELIGION AND LAW AND SOON OUTLAWED CHRISTIANITY. -DURING THE PERIOD OF CIVIL UNREST IN ROME, MANY PEOPLE TURNED TO CHRISTIANITY FOR HOPE. -IN 312 CE, EMPEROR CONSTANTINE DECLARED HIS SUPPORT OF CHRISTIANITY AND PROMOTED THE RELIGION THROUGHOUT THE EMPIRE. -IN 391 CE, EMPEROR THEODOSIUS MADE CHRISTIANITY THE OFFICIAL RELIGION OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE.

  35. The Spread of Christianity

  36. THE ACCEPTANCE OF CHRISTIANITY Conversion of Constantine Emperor Theodosius

  37. 5. CHURCH AUTHORITY - AS ROME BEGAN TO ACCEPT CHRISTIANITY, THE CHURCH BECAME HIGHLY ORGANIZED. -PRIESTS CONDUCTED LOCAL SERVICES AND CEREMONIES. ABOVE THE PRIESTS, THE BISHOPS HEADED THE CHURCH IN EACH CITY. -OVER TIME, THE BISHOP OF ROME ADOPTED THE TITLE OF POPE, LATIN FOR FATHER. -THE POPE CLAIMED SUPREME AUTHORITY OVER OTHER BISHOPS. -THE POPE TRACED HIS AUTHORITY FROM JESUS’ DISCIPLE, PETER, WHO IS CONSIDERED THE FIRST POPE OF THE CHURCH. - IN 325 CE, THE COUNCIL OF NICAEA WROTE DOWN THE MAIN BELIEFS OF THE CHURCH. -IT CLAIMED THE EXISTENCE OF THE TRINITY-THREE PERSONS OR FORMS IN ONE GOD (FATHER, SON AND THE HOLY SPIRIT), WHICH IS THE CENTRAL BELIEF OF CHRISTIANS.

  38. PopeHead of the Roman Catholic Church Peter The First Pope The Tomb of St. Peter

  39. The Holy Trinity Jesus God The Holy Spirit

  40. IV. Islam 1. ORIGINS - IN ABOUT 570 CE, AN ARAB NAMED MUHAMMAD WAS BORN IN MECCA, A PROSPEROUS TRADING CENTER ALONG THE RED SEA. MECCA WAS ALSO A RELIGIOUS CENTER THAT HOUSED MANY SACRED SHRINES TO THE ANCIENT ARAB GODS - MUHAMMAD WAS A SUCCESSFUL MERCHANT. HE WAS MARRIED AND HAD CHILDREN. -HOWEVER, HE WAS TROUBLED BY THE VARIOUS INJUSTICES TAKING PLACE THROUGHOUT THE MIDDLE EAST - HE OFTEN WENT TO THE OUTLYING DESERT TO PRAY IN SECLUSION.

  41. IV. ISLAM (Pg.2) -ACCORDING TO MUSLIM TRADITION, THE ANGEL GABRIEL VISITED MUHAMMAD AND INSTRUCTED HIM THAT HE WAS CHOSEN TO BE GOD’S (ALLAH) PROPHET AND TO SPREAD THE MESSAGE OF ISLAM. - MUHAMMAD OBEYED THIS COMMAND AND BECAME A MISSIONARY SPREADING THE BELIEFS OF ISLAM. - THESE NEW MONOTHEISTIC BELIEFS THREATENED THE LIVELIHOOD OF THE MERCHANTS AND OTHER BUSINESSMEN THAT WERE MAKING MONEY FROM THE PILGRIMS COMING TO MECCA.

  42. Muhammad Allah’s Greatest Prophet

  43. Ascension of Muhammad

  44. 2. Main Beliefs -IN 622 CE, MUHAMMAD AND HIS FOLLOWERS LEFT MECCA TO TRAVEL TO MEDINA DUE TO MUHAMMAD’S DEATH THREATS. - MUSLIMS CALL MUHAMMAD’S JOURNEY TO MEDINA THE HEJIRA OR DEPARTURE. THIS REPRESENTED A TURNING POINT FOR ISLAM AS MANY MUSLIMS CONVERTED TO ISLAM WHEN MUHAMMAD ENTERED MEDINA. -THE FOLLOWERS OF ISLAM ARE CALLED MUSLIMS. THE SACRED SCRIPTURES OF ISLAM ARE CONTAINED IN THE QUR’AN. -THE QUR’AN IS THE FINAL AUTHORITY ON ALL MATTERS AND PROVIDES A GUIDE TO LIFE FOR MUSLIMS. -THE QUR’AN IS WRITTEN IN ARABIC, WHICH IS THE UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE OF THE MUSLIMS.

  45. 2. Main Beliefs (Pg.2) THE CENTRAL BELIEF OF ISLAM IS THE FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM OR THE FIVE BASIC DUTIES OF ISLAM. (1) MUSLIMS BELIEVE IN ONE GOD, ALLAH (2) MUSLIMS ARE EXPECTED TO PRAY FIVE TIME DAILY IN THE GENERAL DIRECTION OF MECCA (3) MUSLIMS ARE EXPECTED TO GIVE MONEY TO THE POOR (4) MUSLIMS ARE EXPECTED TO FAST FROM SUNRISE TO SUNSET DURING THE HOLY MONTH OF RAMADAN. - RAMADAN IS TO COMMEMORATE THE REVELATION OF THE QUR'AN TO MUHAMMAD (5) MUSLIMS ARE EXPECTED TO VISIT MECCA AT LEAST ONCE IN THEIR LIVES. (HAJJ-THE PILGRIMAGE TO MECCA)

  46. The Qur’an Sacred Scripture of Islam

  47. Five Pillars of Islam

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