The Cold War

1. The Cold War 1947 - 1991

5. Germany Surrendered Japan continued to fight Roosevelt died during his fourth term as president His vice president, Harry Truman took office President Truman decided he knew what to do to end Japan’s fight May 7, 1945

6. But Japan would not stop the fighting President Truman had to make a very important decision

7. World War II Ends • The Americans dropped Little Boy on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 • Then they dropped Fat Man (right) on Nagasaki on August 9, 1945 • The Japanese surrendered on September 2, 1945

8. Hiroshima and Nagasaki Japan surrendered on August 14, 1945

9. During the Cold War, Russia controlled the countries that shared its borders They spread out to the next row of countries that they took over This became known as the “Iron Curtain” Eastern Europe

10. At the end of WWII, Russia jockeys with the armed forces of United States and Great Britain for position in Germany, Italy, and Japan President Truman took a strong stance against the Soviet territorial advances, advocating a policy of containment. Under this policy, the U.S. would not attempt to change the post–World War II situation in Europe, but it would work to prevent further Soviet expansion through peaceful or military means. USSR jockeys for power

11. Prime Minister for Great Britain from 1940 - 1955 He is the one who coined the phrase “The Iron Curtain.” He said we must take a stand against the Russians who were taking over the border countries in Europe Winston Churchill

12. The Iron Curtain • Iron Curtain, policy of isolation set up by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) after World War II (1939-45) that involved rigid censorship and restrictions on travel. • The Iron Curtain acted as a barrier to communication and the free exchange of ideas between the USSR (and its satellite states) and the rest of the world.

13. Joseph Stalin vs. Harry Truman

14. The Marshall Plan • Europe was devastated by the war • It was very susceptible to the spread of communism • Before WWII the British had been the world leaders, but now they were too weakened to protect their lands in the Middle East • This was where most of the world’s oil fields were located and they were open to Soviet takeover

15. America steps in • The Marshall plan gave European nations over 12 billion dollars to help them contain the Soviet threat • This made us the new #1 world power • It also proved that communism could be contained without using the nuclear weapons

17. The United States and the Cold War • A combination of political, economic, and moral considerations led the U.S. government to oppose Soviet dominance of Eastern Europe. • President Truman took a strong stance against the Soviet territorial advances, advocating a policy of containment. • Under this policy, the U.S. would not attempt to change the post–World War II situation in Europe, but it would work to prevent further Soviet expansion through peaceful or military means.

18. 1950-1953 Red China started sending troops in to help North Korea take over South Korea This caused the Americans to get involved so that communism wouldn’t spread The Korean War

19. President Dwight Eisenhower He was a hero of WWII He brought an end to the Korean War He spent a lot of money on nuclear arms Next President of United States

21. The Arms Race • The Manhattan Project was the name given by the Americans to their research of new and better atomic bombs • These bombs were tested in an area of the desert known as Los Alamos • Americans prepared themselves for a possible nuclear attack from Russia

23. LOS ALAMOS, New Mexico -- During World War II, the U.S. government built from scratch a town nestled in the remote and rugged hills of northern New Mexico. The town was Los Alamos, the project was Manhattan, and the secret was the best-kept one of the war -- or so the government thought. Los Alamos

24. Russian Spies were Successful • In fact, the Soviet Union received frequent updates on the Manhattan Project, the U.S. effort to build an atomic bomb. • They had spies in Los Alamos sneaking the information out and selling it to the Russians

25. Spies operating before the Cold War began gave the Soviet Union an early advantage. • Klaus Fuchs and Ted Hall were scientists employed at Los Alamos on the project to make the atomic bomb. • They passed to their Soviet controllers detailed drawings of the implosion method of exploding the bomb. • Partly as a result, the Soviet atomic bomb was ready in 1949, two years earlier than expected.

26. At 19 years old, the youngest scientist on the Manhattan Project and a key source of nuclear information for the Soviet Union. While at Los Alamos, Hall providing the Soviets with classified information about how to detonate nuclear weapons by implosion. These secrets are believed to have helped the Soviets save two to eight years in developing their own atomic bomb. Hall was questioned by the FBI in 1951 but wasn't charged, for lack of evidence. Incredibly, despite having been infinitely more damaging to U.S. security than celebrated Soviet collaborators Harry Gold and Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, Hall was never imprisoned. He claims he simply believed no nation should hold a nuclear monopoly. Eventually, Hall moved to Britain. Spy vs. Spy

27. In Berlin, the front line of the Cold War, the CIA in 1954 dug a long tunnel under the Soviet sector to tap telephone cables. The KGB let it go on for 11 months -- its spy George Blake had warned them of the tunnel's existence.

28. As the Space Race began the rocket foreshadowed a new style of warfare in which nuclear bombs could be delivered quickly across the world. War might begin and end suddenly, decisively, without warning Space Competition

30. For over a decade, the United States and the Soviet Union were engaged in a heated competition—the space race. The space race began in 1957 when the Soviet Union launched the first artificial satellite, Sputnik. The Space Race

31. 1957 The Soviet Union launches Sputnik, the first artificial Earth satellite. "Sputnik" is the Russian word for "Traveler."1958 • The United States launches its first satellite, Explorer I. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is formed in the United States. NASA is the federal agency devoted to exploring space.1959 The Soviet Union launches Luna 2. This is the first space probe to hit the moon.1961 • Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin becomes the first person to orbit the Earth. • Alan Shepard, Jr. becomes the first American astronaut in space. 1962 • John Glenn, Jr. becomes the first American astronaut to orbit the Earth.1963 • U.S. astronauts Neil Armstrong, Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin and Michael Collins make it to the moon. Armstrong is the first man to walk on the moon and was followed by Buzz Aldrin.

32. After the surrender of Axis powers and the victory of the allies in World War II, Germany was invaded by the allies. While the Americans, the British, and the French moved ahead and captured the western parts of Germany, Soviet allies came from the east and invaded the eastern part of the country. East and West Germany

33. East and West Berlin Though this concept of the four countries monitoring Germany was proposed to control Germany through mutual cooperation, the tensions between American and Soviet forces led to the creation of the Berlin wall inside the capital city in 1949 to create an independent socialist state called East Germany

34. In 1959 the Berlin Wall was built No one was allowed to cross Families were separated from each other The Berlin Wall

35. The Berlin Blockade • France, Britain, and the United States gradually united their three zones of occupation within Germany and in 1948 announced their intention to create a West German Republic. • Stalin established the Berlin Blockade in June 1948, cutting off all rail and highway access to Berlin from the west • Choosing not to abandon Berlin or use military force, Truman ordered an airlift, called “Operation Vittles,” to supply West Berlin. The airlift continued until May 1949, when the USSR lifted the blockade.

37. NATO • The heightened fear of conflict produced by the Berlin Blockade helped convince Western Europe of the need for a security alliance. • In April 1949, ten Western European nations, Canada, and the U.S. established the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and declared that an attack against any member of the alliance would be seen as an attack against all—a policy known as collective security. • In July, the U.S. officially joined NATO, and Congress authorized $1.3 billion for military aid to NATO countries.

38. Senator McCarthy became a tireless crusader against Communism in the early 1950s, a period that has been commonly referred to as the "Red Scare."  He accused many people of being communists Joseph McCarthy

39. A Witch Hunt • On 9th February, 1950, Senator McCarthy, made a speech claiming to have a list of 57 people in the State Department known to be members of the American Communist Party. • The list of names was not a secret and had been in fact published by the Secretary of State in 1946. • These people had been identified during a preliminary screening of 3,000 federal employees. Some had been communists but others had been fascists and alcoholics.

40. This was Joseph McCarthy’s hysterical attempt to root out the communism that he thought he saw climbing the walls all around him. No one was safe from his probing, beady little eyes. Government workers, college professors, playwrights and Hollywood screenwriters, actors, artists, musicians, Jews and anyone with a goatee was suspect. . . . Many people's careers were destroyed by just knowing the wrong person.

41. Senator Joseph McCarthy's influence on the Congress of the United States and on the American people is perhaps one of the more dark periods in our recent history. The term "McCarthyism" has become synonymous with the word "witch hunt."

42. He was a lawyer in Cuba He wanted to help the poor people in Cuba He felt that the Americans were becoming rich over the work of the poorly paid Cuban workers In January 1959 he became the new leader of Cuba He is still the leader today Who is this?

43. Fidel Castro • Once he became the leader he started taking land owned by US companies in Cuba and turning the lands over to the Cuban government • The Soviet Union liked this • They agreed to buy sugar from Cuba that the USA had refused to buy • They also agreed to supply Cuba with weapons

44. The CIA • Dwight Eisenhower asked the CIA to come up with a plan to end Castro’s rule in Cuba • It was affecting the USA economically and they were becoming stronger in a military sense which was dangerous for America. • The CIA decided to have him assassinated • They tried, but couldn’t do it

45. The next president of the United States inherited the problems with Cuba He had to make some fast decisions Before he came into office, the CIA had been training some Cuban exiles to take over the Cuban government The new president had to decide what to do Eisenhower’s term ended

46. John F. Kennedy • When John Kennedy entered the White House in January of 1961, the training and planning for the exile invasion were nearing completion. • The CIA had organized a brigade of about 1,400 exile fighters at a secluded camp in Guatemala, and was infiltrating advance teams of organizers and saboteurs into Cuba. • President Kennedy was excited at the prospect of secretly arranging Castro's overthrow, and took an active interest in the planning.

47. INVASION at Bay of Pigs

48. Many Cubans didn’t like Castro and wanted him out The CIA supplied these people with weapons and trained them to fight The CIA planned the attack to occur at the Bay of Pigs The Plan

50. April 17 – April 21 1961 • Castro knew they were coming • The exiles were hoping that people in the area would help them fight once they landed • But…..Castro had imprisoned or executed anyone he thought had feelings of support for the rebels • After 4 days of fighting 114 of the exiles had been killed. All the rest were captured