American Revolution: Preservation or Disruption of American Development?

1. Brinkley Ch. 4 Part 2 • “The Empire in Transition”

2. AP Outline • The American Revolutionary Era, 1754-1789 • The French and Indian War • The Imperial Crisis and resistance to Britain • The War for Independence • State constitutions and the Articles of Confederation • The federal Constitution

3. Essay Topic #1 • “Despite its precedent-setting character, the American revolt is noteworthy because it made no serious interruption in the smooth flow of American development. • Both in intention and in fact the American Revolution conserved the past rather than repudiated it. And in preserving the colonial experience, the men of the first quarter of the Republic's history set the scenery and wrote the script for the drama of American politics for years to come.” • Assess the validity of this statement.

4. Essay #2 • “A salient feature of our Revolution was that its animating purpose was deeply conservative. • The colonials revolted against British rule in order to keep things the way they were, not to initiate a new era.” Assess the validity of this statement.

5. Quiz: Revolution • List 5 things Ben Franklin did before and during the Revolution • What were, and caused the “Coercive or Intolerable acts?” • Significance of the Battle of Saratoga • Treaty of Paris did what? • Explain 5 things associated with the Declaration of Independence

6. Zenger Case: 1734- lawsuit brought against a journalist- for writing a critical editorial- Zenger was innocent-freedom of the press reinforced. • (libel and slander) • Paxton Boys- Pennsylvania frontiersmen demanded tax relief and help with the Indians- • Significance showed growing discontent with British policies

7. Colonies Before 1763 • "Salutary neglect“-reduced gov- intervention in colonial affairs. • Develop independently • Freedom of Religion • Commerce (Trade) • Self Government • All in an effort to support development of colonies (Colonies Develop/Population grows)

8. Post French and Indian War 1763 • High expectations -Colonist felt they were ready to inhabit the newly acquired land- • “Peaceful and undisturbed enjoyment of this good land.” • However Great Britain had other concerns.

9. Proclamation Line 1763 • Settlers immediately begin to move West • Pontiac- Ottawa Leader attacks and British make proclamation to limit Westward Movement • Angered Virginia land speculators (GW)

10. Grenville 1763- Proclamation of 1763 Mutiny Act or Quartering Act Naval enforcement of Navigation Acts New and Improved Customs Service Sugar Act 1764 Currency Act 1764 Stamp Act 1765 Townshend 1767 New York assembly disbanded Townshend Duties (new taxes on imports) Lead, paper, paint, tea Boston Massacre Committee of Correspondence Lord North 1770 Quiet Period Committee of Correspondence Tea Act Boston Tea Party Coercive Acts- or “Intolerable Acts” Boston Port Act Massachusetts Government Act Administration of Justice Act King George III- 1760 3 English Administrations

11. Granville Stamp Act Quartering Act Sugar Act Admiralty Courts Admiralty courts Timeline Activity:Create a timeline that identifies the key developments leading up to the War for Independence- use separate colors to symbolize British and Colonial/American actions

12. Colonial Resistance • Colonists begin to be united against new revenue measures and control • Colonists resist- 1765 • Boycott • Riots-Violence (Sons of Liberty) • Petitions- representatives go to Parliament and lobby for an end to changes • Organizing and unifying colonies- Stamp Act Congress and Committee of Correspondence • Propaganda- editorials/Engraving creating hatred fro English laws

13. King George III • Wanted to reassert the authority of the monarchy over the colonies. • Grenville Prime Minister, 1763 • Believed colonists should pay for share of the war • Supported-Sugar Act, Currency Act,Stamp Act, Quartering Act and Admiralty Courts- to raise money and control the colonies.

14. Radicals and Moderates in English Parliament • “And now will these Americans, Children planted by our care, nourished up by our Indulgence until they are grown to a Degree of Strength and Opulence, and protected by our Arms, • will they grudge to contribute their mite to relive us from the heavy weight of that burden which we lie under?” • “They planted by your Care? No! your Oppression planted em in America. They fled from your Tyranny to a then uncultivated and un-hospitable Country--- were they exposed themselves to almost all the hardships to which human Nature is liable, and among others to the cruelties of a savage foe, the most subtle and I take upon me to say the most formidable of any People they face of God’s Earth. And yet, actuated by principles of true English liberty, they met all these hardships with pleasure, compared with those they suffered in their own Country, from the hands of those who should have been their friends. • They nourished up by your indulgence? They grew by your neglect of Em: as soon as you began to care about Em, that Care was Exercised in sending persons to rule over Em,…”

15. Navigation Laws NOW Strictly Enforced • Restricted commerce to and from the colonies to English or American vessels. Iron Act/Molasses Act • Certain "enumerated" articles like tobacco couldn’t be shipped to any other foreign market except England, despite higher prices in other markets. • All European goods going to America had to go through England first.

16. George Grenville, new Prime Minister, sought to enforce Navigation Acts • Americans particularly angry about increased authority of Admiralty Courtsthat could now: • try smugglers • tax evaders • ship owners, and others accused  of violating commercial restrictions • no trial by jury

17. Did Parliament have a legitimate right to pass laws that affected the Colonies? • Why or why not?

18. Virginia Resolves -Patrick Henry • Protest movement in Colonial Legislature • in the Virginia House of Burgesses declares colonists have the same rights as Englishmen, • Only taxes voted on by colonial legislature are legal • Was defeated • legislatures, other colonies adopt similar resolutions “A king by disallowing acts of this nature far from being a father of his people degenerates into a tyrant and forfeits all rights to his subjective obedience.” “Resolved, Therefore, that the General Assembly of this Colony have the only and sole exclusive Right and Power to lay taxes and Impositions upon the Inhabitants of this colony and that every Attempt to vest such Power in any Person or Persons whatsoever other than the General Assembly aforesaid has a manifest Tendency to destroy British as well as American Freedom.”

21. Tar and Feathers • "Sometimes only the head was shaven, tarred and feathered" • "First degree burns are sustained after a split second contact with a material that is about 70 °C (160 °F). The same is also sustained after thirty seconds of contact with 55 °C (130 °F) material. The tar of that period was of such a quality that it only melted at about 60 °C (140 °F) but was often heated to higher temperatures. At temperatures of 60 °C (140 °F) burns can be created with a three second contact. • Furthermore, after the tar had cooled, it and the feathers would have to be peeled or rubbed off with lard, usually taking a good deal of skin with them. These would leave ugly scars and infection could set in. Depending on how "complete" the job was done, there was also a risk of heat stroke as the tar would act as a strong insulator and prevent the skin from breathing • .As a public or vigilante punishment, the purpose is to socially ostracize the victim. The hot tar scars and disfigures so the victim would be seen, wherever he went, to have suffered the punishment. The feathers serve to dehumanize the victim and expulsion from the community by carting or running him out of town completes the act. Riding a rail (especially the old sharp-edged triangular style) could cut and damage the crotch and impair the victim's ability to walk without pain. The agonized screams of the victim were typically drowned out by the noise of the crowd and the clanging of metal objects (pans, bells, etc.)."

22. Stamp Act Congress 1765 Mass leaders called a meeting to discuss the stamp tax met in NY 9 colonies Created petitions to the King and Parliament for redress Sons of Liberty- violence begins to break out Popular unrest= riots Boycotts of British goods Resistance

24. Stamp Act Repealed 1766 • British bow to pressure from English merchants who are losing money from lack of trade • Declaratory Act passed- stated that the Parliament had authority over colonies

25. “No Taxation without Representation” • Virtual Representation- concept that members of Parliament represented all of the subjects in the Empire. • Actual Representation- idea that representatives come from the electorate

26. Colonial Unity Emerges=Common Grievances Grow • Northern Merchants= upset about taxes and reduction in colonial manufactures • Settlers= upset about closing the West • Southern Planters= upset no land speculation and debts rising to English, prices rising • Small Farmers= upset at taxes • Workers= upset about fewer jobs and (manufacture)

27. Charles Townshend- 1767 British Leader, Chancellor of Exchequer • British government- increases restrictions • New taxes on imported goods • To pay for Royal officials in colonies (by pass colonial legislatures • Tea, lead, paint, paper… • Writs of Assistance- broad license to search individual homes/ no judge needed

28. Townshend • 1767- Dissolved the New York assembly for not complying with Quartering Act • Massachusetts calls for more Unity of the colonies- • Established Board of Customs to regulate trade/end smuggling • Causes: • Colonists further resent- and unify against, with boycott of imports- • repealed 1770 except tea

30. Townshend Duties Repealed 1770 Except Tea Popular resentment causes violence Royal representatives are harassed especially in MASS Troops are sent to Boston Tensions grow and an incident occurs 5 people shot by British soldiers Boston Massacre, March 1770 Causes further resentment (propaganda) Townshend Dies Lord North Replaces 1770

31. Revere • Engraving

32. Quiet period after Boston Massacre • “A power without a check is subversive of all Freedom” • The colonials were very concerned

33. Committees of Correspondence • In response to British new restrictions on the colonists- • Sam Adams a patriot from Massachusetts, • Committees write letters to create support against the British (UNITY) • Later other colonies will participate in this Propaganda campaign.

34. Check the Link for Great Pictures:

35. Another Tea Act 1773 • To help the East India Company • Tea is given free export from England and cheaper prices in the colonies but also, a monopoly for the company • December 1773 Colonists still resent and dump tea in the Boston Tea Party- 90,000 lbs are dumped • Unrest causes - Intolerable Acts

36. Lord North- Coercive Acts/Intolerable Acts 1774 • Unrest causes Parliament to punish Massachusetts • Closed Boston Harbor • Reduced self government powers • Tried to force division among the colonies • Punish Mass for resistance • Causes colonial UNITY by making Massachusetts a martyr

37. Unity of Colonies supported • Royal Governors begin to dissolve colonial assemblies • First Continental Congress called in response to Coercive Acts, Sept. 1774 • Representatives from 12 colonies attend • Petitioned the king for redress of grievances • Created committees to prepare resistance (including armed) • King’s government responds with repression, trade restrictions

38. George III Responds with Military • “The New England governments are in a state of rebellion, blows must decide whether they are subject to this country or independent.” • April 1775- General Gage attempts to arrest Sam Adams and John Hancock, at Lexington, and seize militia powder • Paul Revere rides to warn them and the “Minutemen” • “Shot heard round the world” begins the military phase of the rebellion.

39. “The Goose that Laid the Golden Egg” • In Gotham once the Story goes A lot of Wise-acres aroseSkill'd in the great Politic WheelCould pound a Magpie, drown an Eel, With many Things of worthy NoteAt present much too long to quote,Their district was both far and wide Which not a little swelld their PrideBut above all that they possess'dWas a fine Goose, by all confess'd, A Rara Avis to behold Who laid each Day an Egg of Gold This made them grow immensely rich Gave them an avaritious Itch,The Case belongs to many more They not contented with their StoreWould Methods vague and strange pursueTo make the Harmless Bird lay Two, This Glorious purpose to obtain About her Neck they put a Chain, And more their Folly to compleatThey Stampt upon her Wings and Feet,But this had no Effect at all, Yet made her struggle, flutter, squall, And do what every Goose would do That had her Liberty in view,When one of more distinguis'd NoteCry'dD__n her, let us Cut her Throat, They did, but not an Egg was found But Blood come pouring from ye Wound.

42. The march back to Lexington • “The Battle Field was in reality a gauntlet.” • Brits lost 273 KIA • Colonists lost 95 KIA

43. All 13 colonies present Selected George Washington to head of the Continental Army. Adopted measures to raise money and to create an army and a navy Last through the 1781 Important Achievements Olive Branch Petition Declaration of Independence Articles of Confederation Second Continental Congress -- May 10, 1775

45. Olive Branch Petition • July 1775 • Second Continental Congress • Pledges loyalty and asks King to intervene with parliament on behalf of the colonists. • Protect their rights

46. The War • May 1775 Ticonderoga, Fort Captured on Canada Frontier • Bunker Hill – June 17, 1775, Colonists inflict massive casualties on British attack, but must retreat. • Battle of Bunker Hill • Brits had 2200 + 10 artillery pieces • Column attack by Brits was blasted by the Americans • P296 • Results Brits 226 KIA and 826 wounded • Americans 140 dead and 271 wounded • P298 • Washington, July 1775 was in Cambridge • GW he had doubts about his ability and the power of Great Britain

47. Loyalists • Loyalists ("Tories") = about 60% of the American people 1775 • About 80,000 Loyalists fled the colonies. • 50,000 fought for the British • Number of Loyalists declines over time to 30% at end of Rev

49. FT. Ticonderoga

50. How did Americans pay for the war? • Congress had no authority to levy taxes on the people • Requisition to states • Sold bonds- gave troops certificates to be redeemed after the war. • Issued paper money = inflation • Borrowed large amounts of money form other nations- France, Netherlands