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Chapter 16 Study Guide

Chapter 16 Study Guide. Four States of Matter. Solids low KE - particles vibrate but can’t move around atoms held tightly into place definite shape & volume. Four States of Matter. Liquids higher KE - particles can move around but are still close together no definite shape

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Chapter 16 Study Guide

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  1. Chapter 16 Study Guide

  2. Four States of Matter • Solids • low KE - particles vibrate but can’t move around • atoms held tightly into place • definite shape & volume

  3. Four States of Matter • Liquids • higher KE - particles can move around but are still close together • no definite shape • definite volume

  4. Four States of Matter • Gases • high KE - particles can separate and move throughout container • no definite shape & volume • move more quickly than particles that make up solids

  5. Four States of Matter • Plasma • very high KE – made up of charged particles (+/-) • gas-like, indefiniteshape & volume • most common state of matter • stars

  6. Pressure • Pressure is the amount of force exerted per unit of area, or P = F/A. • Pressure is measured in a unit called Pascal (Pa), the SI unit of pressure. • Most matter expands when heated.

  7. Heating Curves • Heat of Fusion • energy required to change from solid to liquid • some attractive forces are broken

  8. Heating Curves • Heat of Vaporization • energy required to change from liquid to gas • all attractive forces are broken

  9. Archimedes’ Principle • Archimedes - Whether an object will sink or float in a fluid • Viscosity • Resistance to flow by a fluid

  10. More water needs to be displaced in order to cancel weight  ball floats lower in the water. Not enough water is displaced in order to cancel weight  ball sinks. Very little water needs to be displaced in order to cancel weight  ball floats on surface. Archimedes’ Principle • Archimedes’ Principle • the buoyant force on an object in a fluid is equal to the weight of fluid displaced by the object View Buoyancy JAVA Applet. View animations produced by students at Poly Prep Country Day School in Brooklyn, New York.

  11. Archimedes’ Principle • Buoyant Force • upward force exerted by a fluid on an immersed object • buoyant force > weight balloon rises • buoyant force < weight balloon sinks • buoyant force = weight balloon floats

  12. V T Charles’ Law • According to Charles’s law, the volume of a gas increases with increasing temperature, (at constant pressure) DIRECT

  13. Pascal’s Principle • Pascal’s Principle • pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted unchanged throughout the fluid Pascal - hydraulics

  14. P V Boyle’s Law • When the volume of a gas decreases, its pressure increases (at constant temp). • As the volume is increased, the pressure will decrease. P1V1= P2V2 INVERSE

  15. Bernoulli’s Principle • Bernoulli’s Principle • as the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by the fluid decreases • why planes fly

  16. Thermal Expansion • When concrete absorbs heat, it expands. Then when it cools, it contracts. • If expansion joints are not used, the concrete will crack when the temperature changes.

  17. Charles’ Law • If you place a balloon in a freezer the molecules will slow down and the balloon will shrink as the volume decreases

  18. Charles’ Law • Absolute Zero - Temp at which... • the volume of a gas would equal zero. • all particle motion would stop. -273°C or 0 K

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