Chapter 31 sections 1 and 2 PowerPoint

1. Chapter 31 sections 1 and 2 PowerPoint Communist China, South, and Southeast Asia

2. China: Civil War and Its Aftermath • After WWII there were 2 governments in China • Chiang Kai-Shek and the Nationalists in the Southern and Central regions of China • Mao Zedong and the Communists in the North

3. Mao Zedong Chiang Kai Shek VS

4. Civil War • Full scale civil war followed • Promises of land attracted millions of peasants to the Communist side • By 1949 the Communists had won the war • Chiang Kai-Shek and two million followers fled to the island of Taiwan.

6. Communists Rule • Two thirds of all peasant households received land • Most private farmland was collectivized in order to increase farm production and free up labor for industrial jobs. • Food production did not grow, but the population increased to 657 million people by 1957.

7. Great Leap Forward • Great Leap Forward- an attempt to speed up economic growth began in 1958. • 700,000 smaller farms were combined into 26,000 vast communes. • Women and men worked together in the fields while child care was provided for their children.

8. Long live the great leap forward!

9. Did it work? • This attempt failed due to poor weather conditions, as well as low morale. • Food production decreased, and this led to a famine where nearly 15 million people died of starvation. • By 1960 the government began returning to the old system of collective farming.

10. Cultural Revolution • Mao believed permanent revolution was necessary to achieve the final stage of communism. • 1966 he launched the “Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution” • He published a work of his ideas called the Little Red Book. It was found in every public place, school, and factory throughout China

12. Cultural Revolution: Red Guards • Red guards were formed by Mao to enforce his cultural revolution. • These groups were made up of mostly young people. • They set out to destroy the FOUR OLDS Old ideas, old culture, old customs, and old habits. • They destroyed temples, foreign books, art work, and foreign music.

13. Burning books: Remind you of anyone?

14. China After Mao • Mao died in 1976 at the age of 82 • A group of practical-minded reformers led by Deng Xiaoping seized power and ended the cultural revolution

15. Policies of Deng Xiaoping • He called for Four Modernizations- • Industrial Policies • Agricultural Policies • Technological Policies • National Defense Policies

16. What methods were used? • First, China invited foreign investment into their country to generate new industries • Second, thousands of Chinese students were sent abroad to study science, technology, and modern business • Finally, a new agricultural policy began. Collective farms could lease land to peasants. Peasants could also sell surplus crops, and sell products that they made.

17. Successful? • Modernization was a success • Per capita income doubled during the 1980s. • In the early 80’s, most Chinese could not afford a bike, or a watch • By the 90’s most Chinese were buying refrigerators and color T.V.s

18. Movement for Democracy • Many Chinese wanted another modernization- Democracy • Many students who went abroad learned about Democracy and western ideas. • When they complained to the Communist governments, they were usually jailed for long periods of time.

19. Tiananmen Square • Many people from the cities of China witnessed corruption and preferential treatment for party members. • In May of 1989, student protesters led protests calling for old Communist leaders to resign. • Huge protests were held in Tiananmen Square in Bejing. • Xiaoping sent troops to crush the protesters. Between 500 and 2,000 people were killed and many more injured. • Why do you believe the numbers of those killed is not known?

22. Chinese Society • Today Chinese society is more relaxed. People can wear more western clothing, and buy more consumer goods. • One goal still exists from Mao’s era: Population control • 1979, China began its one-child policy • Incentives such as education benefits, child care, and housing were offered to those who limited their families to 1 child.

23. Section 2 South and Southeast Asia

24. India Divided • After British rule, India’s Muslims and Hindu’s were bitterly divided. • Leaders decided to divide India into 2 countries: Pakistan for Muslims and India for Hindus

26. The New India • Jawaharlal Nehru led the Congress Party and was the new President of India • He implemented many ideas, many based on Britain’s labor party. • The state owned major industries, utilities, and transportation • Private enterprise at the local level was allowed, along with private farms.

28. Nonalignment • The principle of nonalignment was a foreign policy where India did not allign itself with either super power during the cold war. • After Nehru’s death, his daughter Indira Ghandi took over

30. Problems • Indira Ghandi, ruled from 1966-1984 • India’s population grew by 2 percent each year! This is a huge growth. • This led to wide spread poverty. • Millions of Indians lived in slums around cities. • Mother Teresa, a Catholic nun, spent much time helping the poor, sick and dying

34. Caste System • India’s social classes were still broken down into castes • The caste into which someone was born determined their jobs and role in society. • If you were born into the lowest caste, you would remain in poverty. • Today, discrimination based one’s caste is illegal, yet it continues.

37. Ethnic conflict • Sikhs- followers of both Muslim and Hindu ideas lived in the northern province of Punjab. They wanted independence but Indira refused. • Today, there is still much tension between Muslims and Hindus within India, as well as between India and Pakistan.

38. Eventually she is assassinated by Sikhs. • Her son, Rajiv took over, and began transferring many industries to private hands. • This led to a large increase in the middle class

40. Pakistan • Pakistan was originally split between east and west Pakistan. • East Pakistan eventually becomes the independent nation of Bangladesh. • Pakistan and Bangladesh have had difficulty sustaining stable governments • Both nations are also very poor.

41. Philippines and Indonesia • In the Philippines, 2 leaders have recently been removed from office. • In 1986, Ferdinand Marcos was forced to flee the nation on charges of corruption • Another leader, Joseph Estrada was forced out in 2001 on charges of corruption. • The president today is Gloria Arroyo

42. Problems today • The new leader faces many new obstacles in the Philippines • The economy of the Philippines has been hit very hard by the worldwide economic crisis • Terrorism is also a major problem • Muslim rebels on the island of Mindanao have used terror in an attempt to gain independence