WMO Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Programme

1. WMO Global Atmosphere Watch(GAW)Programme Liisa Jalkanen, Chief Atmospheric Environment Research (AER) Division WMO Secretariat

2. World Meteorological Organization • Independent technical UN agency • 187 Members manage through WMO Congress and Executive Council • Secretariat in Geneva (staff 290) • Technical Departments • Observing and Information Systems (OBS) • Climate and Water (CLW) • Weather and Disaster Risk Reduction Services (WDS) • Research (RES) • Atmospheric Research and Environment Branch (ARE) • Atmospheric Environment Research Division (AER) • Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW)

3. What is GAW? • WMO/GAW was established 1989 by merging GO3OS and BAPMoN, after the signing of the Montreal Protocol in 1987 and establishment of IPCC by WMO and UNEP in 1988. • GAW focuses on global long-term networks for GHGs, ozone, UV, aerosols, selected reactive gases, and precipitation chemistry. • GAW is a partnership involving contributors from 80 countries. • GAW is coordinated by the Atmospheric Environment Research Division (AER) of WMO/RES. • Currently GAW coordinates activities and data from 24 Global stations, 200 Regional stations, and 19 Contributing stations

4. New GAW Strategic Plan (GSP) For years 2008 – 2015 Published summer 2007

5. MONITORING THEMES • Stratospheric Ozone • Tropospheric Ozone • Greenhouse Gases (CO2, CH4, N2O, CFCs,) • Reactive Gases (CO, VOC, NOy, SO2) • Precipitation Chemistry • Aerosols (chemical, physical, AOD) • UV Radiation • (Natural Radionuclides, Rn222, Be7,14CO)

6. Components of the GAW Programme

7. QA/QC in GAW • Scientific Advisory Groups (SAGs) • Quality Assurance/Science Activity Centres (QA/SACs) • World Calibration Centres (WCCs) • World Data Centres (WDCs) • GAW stations: primary responsibility for generated data • Instrument calibrations • Instrument intercomparisons • Station audits • Laboratory comparisons • Training

8. Central Calibration Laboratories{Hosts of WMO World Reference Standards} • CO2, CH4, N2O,CONOAA CMDL USA • Total Ozone NOAA CMDL USA Dobson MSC, Canada Brewer MGO, Russia M124 • Ozone Sondes FZ-Juelich, Germany • In Situ Ozone NIST USA • Aerosol Optical Depth WORCC, Davos, CH

9. World or Regional Calibration Centres{Linking Observations to World Reference Standards and Ensuring Network Comparability} • Total Ozone 6 Regional Dobson Centres 1 Regional EU Brewer Centre 1 Brewer travelling standard • Ozone Sondes FZ-Julich, Germany • In Situ O3, CO, CH4EMPA, Switzerland • CO2 , CH4, N2ONOAA CMDL USA • N2O , VOC IMK-IFU Garmisch Germany • Aerosol Optical Depth WORCC, Davos, CH • Aerosol physical IFT, Leipzig, Germany • Precip. Chemistry SUNY Albany USA

10. GAW Station Information System … GAWSISOnline - comprehensive information on all GAW stations • Database • Search / Update • Inventory / Audit (Supported by Switzerland)

11. GLOBAL STATIONS IN GAW Alert Ny Ålesund 80 80 Point Barrow Pallas-Sodankylä Mace Head Zugspitze-Hohenpeissenberg Jungfraujoch 40 40 Mt Waliguan Izana Assekrem - Tamanrasset Mauna Loa Minamitorishima Kenya 0 0 Danum Valley Bukit Koto Tabang Samoa Arembepe Cape Point 40 40 Amsterdam Island Lauder Cape Grim Ushuaia 160 80 0 80 160 Neumayer Station Nov. 2005 South Pole

12. Data Application • Data analysis and distribution • GAWSIS, WDCs, Stations • Assessments and data application • Conventions: Vienna, UNFCC, LRTAP • Ozone assessments with UNEP, NOAA, EU, NASA • Antarctic ozone hole bulletin • Total ozone maps over Northern Hemisphere • Greenhouse gas bulletins, IPCC • Use in model validation • Integration of GAW data with satellite observations • Workshops on data analysis and interpretation • Studies, research projects • National, regional and global studies • Attract research projects to GAW stations

13. Annual Greenhouse Gas Bulletins GAW Global CO2 network Greenhouse gas calibrations Carbon Cycle Greenhouse Group (CCGG) at NOAA CMDL WMO Central CO2 Laboratory (CCL) Activities for over 20 years, “WMO CO2 Experts” meetings Number of CO2 calibrations that differ from NOAA by: 1991-1992 1995-1997 1999-2000 < 0.10 ppm 13 32 44 > 0.25 20 5 5

14. WMO Antarctic Ozone Bulletins Every Two Weeks Aug to Nov + Summary in Dec/Jan An example of a need for integrated products in near-real time http://www.wmo.int/web/arep/ozone.html

15. GAW Urban Research Meteorology and Environment GURME project

16. UV activities

17. Ann Webb (Chair) Susana Diaz Vitali Fioletov Jay Herman Serm Janjai Berit Kjeldstad Gunther Seckmeyer Betsy Weatherhead Liisa Jalkanen (WMO) Next meeting: August 2008 at IRS2008 Last meetings: Toronto, Oct. 2005 Buenos Aires, Nov. 2003 SAG-UV

18. Measurements • Spectral (< 1 nm) • Multifilter (~ 10 nm) • Broadband (usually erythemally weighted) • Within each instrument class there are different makes and models with differing characteristics

19. Data • Data are submitted to WOUDC in Toronto • At present the database contains predominantly spectral data, much of it from Brewer spectrometers • There are many UV sites that are not directly associated with GAW and do not submit data to WOUDC • Much European data in EUVDB at FMI

20. Current Products and Services • Guideline documents for different types of UV instruments and for QA/QC of measurements • Data sets provided through WOUDC • Provision of erythemally effective UV, i.e., the UV Index • Provision of UV Index forecasts for the public by NMHSs • Calibration services for North America and Europe • Instrument inter-comparisons for the quality and harmonization of measurements. • Future Products and Services • In addition to above • Improved data availability to users especially due to more available broadband data sets • Improved accessibility of satellite data for any specified site • Globally linked calibration services in different regions • SOPs for all instrument types.

21. Ozone activities

22. Some ozone measurements history • Regular measurements for total ozone started in 1926 when 6 Dobson spectrophotometers were deployed around the world • In conjunction with the International Geophysical Year (IGY) in 1957, WMO assumed responsibility for the establishment of the Global Ozone Observing System (GO3OS) network, standard procedures were adopted for uniform total ozone measurements • In 1989 GO3OS merged together with BaPMon to form GAW

23. GAW GLOBAL TOTAL COLUMN OZONE NETWORK: 2001- 2004Stations Submitting Data The symbols represent different instrument types. Compliments of WOUDC, MSC, Toronto {Ed Hare Manager}.

24. GAW GLOBAL OZONE SONDE NETWORK: 2001- 2004Stations Submitting Data To WOUDC The red triangles represent sites of GAW Contributing partner NASA/SHADOZ Compliments of WOUDC, MSC, Toronto {Ed Hare Manager}.

25. WMO GAW Ozone SAG • Johannes Stähelin, Chair • Frank Baier • Robert Evans • Jack Fishman • Sophie Godin-Beekmann • Edward Hare • Ulf Köhler • Tom McElroy • Koji Miyagawa • Alberto Redondas Marrero • Herman Smit • Richard Stolarski • René Stübi • Johanna Tamminen • Karel Vanicek • Mark Weber • Geir Braathen, WMO

26. Goal GAW stratospheric total ozone: Measurement of changes with sufficient precision to determine the effects of human activity, which involves • Maintaining networks of high quality total ozone measurements based on Dobson and Brewer spectrophotometers with transparent calibration histories • Making best use of this information for validation of satellite ozone observations • Providing quality control of ground stations by comparison with long-term satellite data records (data gaps, correction of jumps, etc.) • Documenting the data quality of satellite and ground-based data records for the users • Improving the characterization of the small but distinct differences between Dobson and Brewer total ozone measurements and between different UV measuring satellite instruments • Submitting Level 0 data and associated calibration information to the WOUDC • Conduct a pilot project for ozone involving NRT exchange of data.

27. Goals GAW Ozone Profile Measurements • Operate a world wide network of ozone sonde stations to provide data of known quality according to GAW QA/QC guidelines • Document adequately important properties and data quality of ozone sonde data deposited at WOUDC, including the characterization of individual series in a simple way for the users by data quality indicators • Operate a well maintained network of stations providing Umkehr measurements from Dobson and Brewer instruments • Process routinely Umkehr measurements of Dobson and Brewer instruments deposited at WOUDC by a well tested retrieval algorithm • Continue cooperative relationships with NDACC, SHADOZ and NILU to integrate lidar and microwave measurements into a global (possibly virtual) database of ground-based vertical ozone profile data sets.

28. Demand for high quality (total) ozone observations: (i) Ozone trends caused by ozone depleting substances (CFCs); (ii) validation of satellite measurements.

29. Relative differences between the Dobson instruments and compared station instruments during the initial calibrations of the intercomparisons since 1969 (from Koehler et al., 2005).

30. Brewer instrument (basically same design as Dobson instrument but completely automated) commercially available since middle of 1980s (Arosa, Switzerland, operated by MeteoSwiss) D101 installed in 1968 and D62 in 1992 B40 installed in 1992, B72 in 1994 and B156 in 1998

31. Stability of the triad of Brewer instruments defining the primary Brewer total ozone scale operated at MSC in Toronto (from Fioletov et al., 2005), calibrated by Langley plot calibration at Mauna Loa Observatory (Hawaii)European calibration center (Meteorological Inst. Spain (Instituto Nacional de Meteorologica)): triad of Brewer instruments operated in Izana (Tenerife), also performing Langley plot calibration

32. However: • The quality of measurements at several stations archived at WOUDC needs improvement • Action: Systematic comparison of ground-based Dobson and Brewer data with ozone satellite measurements to • (officially) identify suspicious (periods) of measurements; • inform these stations and ask for revisions based on advice of experts; • (improve) public documentation of intercomparison results at WOUDC; • flagging of suspicious data (periods) at WOUDC • Only limited accuracy when transferring calibration scale from one to another instrument (± 0.5 %).

33. Geir Braathen Integrated Global Ozone Observations: IGACO-Ozone GAW Calibration & Quality Assurance World Integrated Data Archive System: Includes WOUDC Reanalysis WMO Real-Time Data Distribution: Weather Information System (WIS) Satellite: WMO Space Programme Data Uses/Applications 1. Public UV Warnings 2. Public Ozone Bulletins 3. Research 4. Scientific Assessments 5. Forecasts of Ozone Depletion 6. Improved Weather Forecast Assimilation of Real-Time Data By Forecast Models Aircraft: GAW & MOZAIC Surface-based: GAW Global Products Observations: All Sources

34. Collaboration is critical for success!

35. Extra slides

36. Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) • Systematic monitoring of atmospheric chemical and physical parameters globally • Analysis and assessment • Development of predictive capability

38. Role of SAG-ozone Advice for reliable ground based ozone measurements of known data quality to be published in WOUDC (Toronto, Canada) („homework“). Methods - SOPs, DQOs, Intercomparisons with reference instruments (similar to „audits“), documentation (WOUDC), recomendations New Challenge: Implementation of IGACO-O3/UV - integration of satellite and regular air craft measurements, data assimilation - interactions with science community

39. Future priorities Scientific questions • Ozone at UT/LS (strong greenhouse gas) • Total ozone measurements at polar sites • Controversy regarding seasonal variation in total ozone: Dobson similar to TOMS, Brewer similar to GOME and SCHIAMACHY (temperature dependence of ozone cross sections) • Ozone sonde measurements: Normalization by total ozone, background current Other activities • Closer colaboration with NDACC and others: different groups without interactions: for total ozone (UV/VIS and DOAS in NDACC), ozone sondes (NDACC, SHADOZ), upper stratosphere (Umkehr, microwave, LIDAR, FTIR) • NRT delivery Implementation of IGACO-O3/UV (in addition to groundbased measurements: satellite, regular aircraft, data assimilation, numerical simulations) - Interactions with science community via IGACO-O3/UV

43. GAW Central Facilities

44. Combining Air Chemistry, Meteorology and Climate Research Climate Change & Prediction O3 GHGs Process Studies, Modelling Observations Severe Storms Aerosols & Dust Air Pollution Weather Prediction