Chapter 3 Literature

1. A Glimpse of Chinese Culture Chapter 3 Literature

2. 本章教学的目的 • 1. 中国文学史的基本发展脉络; • 2. 中国文学史上的一些名著和现代名 作家的基本知识; • 3. 文学作品中脍炙人口诗句的英文翻译。

3. 本章教学的重难点 • 1. 古典文学发展脉络 • 2. 古代四大名著 • 3. 20世纪伟大作家 • 4. “网络文学”利弊讨论

4. 本章教学的时间安排 • 教师课堂讲解（60 minutes） • A Brief Introduction (3 minutes) • Classical Literature (47minutes) • Great Writers of the 20th Century (10 minutes) • 讨论 (10minues) • 学生课件展示(30minutes)

5. 课文讲解 • 1. A Brief Introduction • 2. Classical Literature • 3. Great Writers of the 20th Century

6. Brief introduction (3 minutes) Four main periods of Chinese literature development : • Classical: pre—late Qing • Modern: 1840—May 4th, 1919 • Revolutionary: 1919—1949 • Contemporary: 1949—present

7. Classical Literature (47minutes) • Definition It refers to literary works from the days before the Qin Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty. • Characteristic It is virtually an unbroken strand enduring dynastic changes. • Works The Book of Songs (《诗经》) and Poetry of the South (《楚辞》) are regarded as the two peaks of China’s earliest literary.

8. The Book of Songs《诗经》 (3 minutes) • What is it ? • Three sections: A collection of China’s 305 oldest poems from the Early Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle Spring and Autumn Period; regarded as the earliest realistic literature in China. Feng (folk ballads) Ya (dynastic hymns) Song (sacrificial songs)

10. Guan-guan go the ospreys, On the islet in the river. The modest, retiring, virtuous, young lady: For our prince a good mate she. Here long, there short, is the duckweed, To the left, to the right, borne about by the current. The modest, retiring, virtuous, young lady: Waking and sleeping, he sought her. He sought her and found her not, And waking and sleeping he thought about her. Long he thought ; oh ! long and anxiously ;

11. On his side, on his back, he turned, and back again. Here long, there short, is the duckweed ; On the left, on the right, we gather it. The modest, retiring, virtuous, young lady: With lutes, small and large, let us give her friendly welcome. Here long, there short, is the duckweed ; On the left, on the right, we cook and present it. The modest, retiring, virtuous, young lady: With bells and drums let us show our delight in her.

12. Poetry of the South 《楚辞》 (2 minutes) • Poetry of the South is derived from the songs of the southern state of Chu during the Warring States Period. • It pioneered romanticism in Chinese poetry. • The verse of Poetry of the South are freeer than those of The Book of Songs. It is not fixed to four characters per line, and the character of “xi” (兮) is often put in the middle or the end of some lines.

13. Qu Yuan—the earliest known famous Chinese poet Masterpieces: Qu Yuan and His Masterpieces Sorrow after Departure《离骚》 Ask Heaven《天问》 Nine Elegies《九章》 Nine Songs《九歌》

14. Appreciating famous lines 路漫漫其修远兮， 吾将上下而求索。 The journey is long, I’ll search up and down.

15. The Prose of the Pre-Qin Period (先秦子学) （5 minutes) • The prose in the pre-Qin period includes historical prose (历史散文) and philosophical prose (诸子散文). • Historical prose • The Book of History 《尚书》 • Spring and Autumn Annals 《春秋》 • Zuo’s Commentary 《左传》 • Intrigues of the Warring States 《战国策》 • Discourses of the States 《国语》 • Philosophical prose • Lao Zi (Dao De Jing), Mo Zi, Mencius, Zhuang Zi,The Analects of Confucius

16. Han Dynasty Literature（５minutes） • hanfu (汉赋) also called rhyme prose. It is a popular literary genre originating in the Han Dynasty. It emphasizes elaboration and description, and is the combination of poem and prose. It includes long essays (大赋) and short essays (小赋). • Representative Hanfu On Faults of Qin 《过秦论》 Records of the Grand Historian《史记》

17. yuefu folk songs(汉乐府民歌) It features five-character lines and reflects the reality and life of lower-class working people. • Outstanding Yuefu Folk songs Southeast the Peacock Flies 《孔雀东南飞》 The Ballads of Mulan 《木兰诗》

18. The Ballads of Mulan and Southeast the Peacock Flies Disney Pictures' Mulan Southeast the Peacock Flies

19. 唧唧复唧唧；木兰当户织。不闻机杼声；唯闻女叹息。唧唧复唧唧；木兰当户织。不闻机杼声；唯闻女叹息。 …… ——《木兰诗》 Alack, alas! alack, alas!She weaves and sees the shuttle pass.You cannot hear the shuttle, why?Its whir is drowned in her deep sigh. Appreciating famous lines

20. 天苍苍，野茫茫，风吹草低见牛羊。 ——(《敕勒歌》) Vast is the sky, boundless the wilds, grazing cattle are revealed as the grass bend dawn in the wind. —The Chile Ballad

21. The Literature in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (3 minutes) • A new genre The stories recording spirits and anecdotes (志人志怪小说) • Outstanding works of this period The Peach Blossom Spring 《桃花源记》 The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons《文心雕龙》

22. The Tang Poems（10 minutes） • The Complete Anthology of Tang Poems《全唐诗》 The biggest-ever collection of Chinese poetry. • The development of poetry in the Tang Dynasty can be classified into four stages: Early Tang, High Tang, Mid Tang and late Tang

23. Wang Bo, Yang Jiong, Luo Binwang, and Lu Zhaolin Their poems, in a refined language, boast beautiful tonal patterns and rhyme schemes. The Four Literary Eminences(初唐四杰)

24. Li Bai, the “Celestial Poet (诗仙)”, has long been regarded the greatest romantic poet in Chinese literature. In his poems, imagination, exaggeration, diction and sonorous rhythms are blended effortlessly. Thinking in the Silent Night 《静夜诗》 Hard is the Road to Shu 《蜀道难》 Dreaming of Sightseeing in the Tianmu Mountains《梦游天姥吟留别》 Li Bai and his poems

25. 床前明月光，疑是地上霜。 举头望明月，低头思故乡。 ——李白 《静夜诗》 Abed, I see a silver light, I wonder if it's frost aground. Looking up, I find the moon bright; Bowing, in homesickness I'm drowned. —Li Bai’s A Tranquil Night

26. Du Fu, the “Saint Poet (诗圣)”, has been considered as the greatest realistic poet in Chinese literature. He developed a depressing and meticulous literary style. “Three officers” (三吏) The Xin’an Officer 《新安吏》 The Shihao Officer《石壕吏》 Officer at Tongguan Pass《潼关吏》 “Three Partings” (三别) Parting of the Newly-wed《新婚别》 Parting of the Old《垂老别》 Parting of the Homeless《无家别》 Du Fu and his poems

27. The outstanding poet Bai Juyi succeeded Du Fu with poems reflecting the reality of society. Satirical and allegorical style The Old Charcoal Seller《卖炭翁》 Song of Eternal Sorrow 《长恨歌》 Song of A Pipa Player《琵琶行》 Bai Juyi and his poems

28. 后宫佳丽三千人，三千宠爱在一身。 Though many beauties were in the palace,More than three thousand of them,All his favors were centered on her.—Song of Eternal Sorrow 《长恨歌》

29. Ci in the Song Dynasty（2minutes） • Ci: Instead of regulated poetry, ci could express more refined and delicate feelings with irregular meter. • What is Cipai? Name of the tune to which a ci poem is composed. • Famous poets • Su shi, Lu You, Xin Qiji, and Li Qingzhao

30. 寻寻觅觅，冷冷清清，凄凄惨惨戚戚。乍暖还寒时候，最难将息。寻寻觅觅，冷冷清清，凄凄惨惨戚戚。乍暖还寒时候，最难将息。 I've a sense of something missing I must seek.Everything about me looks dismal and bleak.Nothing that gives me pleasure, I can find.Even the weather has proved most unkind. Li qingzhao and Slow Slow Song 《声声慢》

31. Yuanqu in the Yuan Dynasty（3 minutes） • Yuanqu includes sanqu(散曲: non-dreamatic songs)and zaju (杂剧:poetic drama). • Ma Zhiyuan and Autumn Thought《秋思》 • Guan Hanqingand The Injustice to Dou E《窦娥冤》

32. Over old trees Wreathed with rotten vines fly evening crows; Under a small bridge near a cottage a stream flows; On ancient road in the west wind a lean horse goes. Westward declines the sun; Far, far from home is the heartbroken one. 天净沙 秋思 马致远 枯藤老树昏鸦， 小桥流水人家，古道西风瘦马。 夕阳西下，断肠人在天涯。 Ma Zhiyuan and Autumn Thought《秋思》

33. Fiction in the Ming and Qing Dynasty（14 minutes） • Four famous Chinese classics of literature Romance of the Three Kingdoms 《三国演义》 Water Margin《水浒传》 Journey to the West《西游记》 Dream of the Red Mansions《红楼梦》 • Townsfolk literature Three Volumes of Words and Two Volumes of Slapping 《三言二拍》 • Satirical novel The Scholars 《儒林外史》 Strange Tales from a Scholar’s Studio 《聊斋志异》

34. The earliest long Chinese novel. Romance of the Three Kingdoms • Based on history books and folk legends, the plot centers on the rise and fall of the three kingdoms of Wei, Shu and Wu, and on the complex political, military, and diplomatic struggles during that period.

35. It was the first novel to deal with the subject of peasant revolts in China. It is about the story of the rebellion of the 108 heroes at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty. Water Margin

36. An outstanding romantic work full of fantastic tales. And also a masterpiece about deities (神仙) and ghosts. Journey to the West • It tells of the Tang Dynasty monk, Xuan Zang overcoming 81 adversities and defeating various monsters and demons before finally reaching India, assisted by his three disciples:Sun Wu Kong, Zhu Ba Jie, and Sha Seng.

37. The greatest novel in Chinese literature. The central thread of the novel is the tragic love story between Jia Baoyu and Lin Daiyu. Instead of just telling the love story, it taps the social origins of the tragedy through probing deeply into the characters’ minds and complicated relationships. Dream of the Red Mansions

38. Great Writers of the 20th Century(10 minutes) • Two peaks ofChinese modern literature The May 4th Movement in 1919and the opening-up policy in 1978 have produced two peaks of literary prosperity. • Eight great writers of the 20th century Lu Xun, Guo Moruo, Mao Dun, Ba Jin, Laoshe, Cao Yu, Shen Congwen and Ai Qing

39. A great thinker, a revolutionary figure in literature with pioneering thoughts and also one of the founders of modern literature in China. Lu Xun (1881-1936) • A Madman's Diary 《狂人日记》 • Call to Arms《呐喊》 • The True Story of Ah Q《阿Q正传》 • Wandering 《彷徨》 • Old Tales Retold 《故事新编》

40. He was a writer, poet, dramatist, historian, archaeologist, paleography (古字体) expert, and a social activist. Guo Moruo (1892-1978) • The Goddess《女神》 • Qu Yuan 《屈原》 • Zhuo Wenjun 《卓文君》 • Wang Zhaojun 《王昭君》

41. A critic, novellist and short-story writier noted for his commitment to the doctrine of realism. Once one of the chief editors of China’s foremost literary journal Short Story Monthly 《小说月报》 Mao Dun (1896-1981) • Midnight 《子夜》 • Spring Silkworms 《春蚕》 • The Shop of Lin Family《林家铺子》

42. A prolific (多产的) writer, praised by Lu Xun as “a writer with passion and progressive thinking”. Ba Jin (1904-2005) • Trilogy of the Turbulent Currents 《激流三部曲》 Family，Spring and Autumn.

43. Discussion (10 minutes)OnLine Literature • 把同学分成两组，正方支持网络文学，反方反对网络文学； • 老师应在上次课堂上提供有关网络文学方面的英文词汇和辩论常用句型； • 在辩论过程中，教师控制好时间和两组发言的频率；

44. Group 1 Title: Four Chinese ancient beauties Participants: Presenter: Time: 10 minutes Comments: 5 minutes Group 2 Title: Chinese currency Participants: Presenter: Time : 10 minutes Comments: 5 minutes The Presentation of Students’ PPT(30 minutes)

45. Exercises • Find more Chinese famous lines and try to translate them • Topic for next discussion: Which do you prefer, a traditional opera or a modern drama?