1 / 31

Independence Movements

Independence Movements. Study Overview. Countries/Topics to Know. Mexico Mexican American War Argentina Venezuela Dominican Republic & Haiti Peru Colombia Panama United States War of Independence War of 1812. …and What to Know About Them. Causes/Conditions  Ideologies

meriel
Download Presentation

Independence Movements

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Independence Movements Study Overview

  2. Countries/Topics to Know • Mexico • Mexican American War • Argentina • Venezuela • Dominican Republic & Haiti • Peru • Colombia • Panama • United States • War of Independence • War of 1812

  3. …and What to Know About Them • Causes/Conditions  Ideologies • Social (treatment of indigenous people/ social classes) • Political • Economic • Timeline- events & time period • Important Leaders & Individuals- successes/failures • Characteristics- military, political changes, foreign intervention, etc. • Outcome & Impact • Be able to compare/contrast different countries

  4. Mexican Independence: Causes • Those with Spanish ancestry have the power (and money) • Natives are oppressed • No way to make something of yourself or rise in social standing • Religion and rules are imposed on the natives • Mexican people begin to desire autonomy

  5. Mexican Independence: Timeline & Leaders • September 16, 1810: Guanajuato Rebellion led by Miguel Hidalgo • Hidalgo killed in 1811, initial attempt fails • 1815: Rebellion resumes under Father Jose Maria Morelos • Promised land, decent wages, end to slavery, equality • Executed by the government later that year • Criollo elite begin to see the (mostly economic) benefits of seeking autonomy • 1820: Augustin de Iturbide elected to be the leader • 1821: Mexico gains independence • Iturbide names himself Emperor of Mexico • 1823: Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna takes over

  6. Mexican Independence: Characteristics • 1810: Mob mentality • Taking land from the Spanish/ Criollos, attack those who ran away • Initially unable to take over because the Spanish military was much stronger and more organized • 1815: Guerilla warfare • Couldn’t fight the large Spanish army conventionally • Once the elite no longer support them, Spain sees it as impractical to fight for Mexico anymore and independence is gained without a major rebellion.

  7. Mexican Independence: Aftermath • Difficulty with economic and political viability • Leads to instability • Borrow money from foreign investors, end up giving land to foreigners to pay off debts • Rapid changes in leaders/governments • Foreign Intervention is a significant factor following independence • Spain invades in 1829 • France invades in 1838 • Mexican American War

  8. Mexican American War • 1835: Texas Secedes, 1842: Becomes independent • Mexico had attempted to invade in ‘38 &’42 • Warns USA not to annex it after its independence • 1845: Congress/ Pres. James K. Polk annex Texas • John Slidell sent to negotiate/avoid war • Pres. Jose Herrera refuses • Three Pronged Attack- Military Successes • Ends with Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo • US gains territory • Pays Mexico $15 Mil. • War lasts from 1846-1848 • US implications? (military, expansion)

  9. Mexican American War: Aftermath • Still instability • 1857: Mexican Constitution • Benito Juarez becomes president • Uses liberal measures to modernize the country • 1861: Joint Intervention Agreement • GB, France, and Spain all invade Mexico • Maximillian becomes Emperor • 1867: Deposed by use of guerillas

  10. Argentine Independence: Causes • Wars between Spain and GB weakens Spain • Argentina takes the opportunity • Social situation isn’t as bad, and they mainly just want economic independence • Strong economy • Beef • Rio de la Plata • Oppression/ Competition between leaders within the nation

  11. Argentine Independence: Timeline & Leaders • 1810: Junta (emergency government) formed in Buenos Aires • Encouraged by Jose de San Martin • 1816: Declaration of Independence • War until 1818 • Good economic relationship with GB allows them to support Argentina during their fight for independence (foreign intervention)

  12. Argentine Independence: Aftermath • 1826: Juan Manuel Rosas gains power- not always ethical • Caudillos • Wars with other nations b/c of their economic power • 1837: Bolivia • 1842: Uruguay • Brazil • 1852: Rosas deposed, alliances among caudillos • 1853: Constitution created, civil war follows • 1862: Federal Republic of Argentina est. • Bartolome Mitre in power • Government is (relatively) stable

  13. Venezuelan Independence: Causes/ Timeline/ Leaders • Race wars • African and native Americans used as slaves in the Cacao industry • 1810: Slave Rebellions (Characteristics) • Simon Bolivar stresses importance of natives • 1821:Venezuela gains independence b/c Criollo elite begin to support it • Begins age of Caudillos

  14. Venezuelan Independence: Aftermath • Economy was not strong • 1850s: Increased foreign intervention • 1899: Cipriano Castrohires an army from Colombia and takes over Venezuela • Stable for about 50 years until the discovery of oil

  15. Dominican Republic & Haiti: Causes • 1697: Treaty of Ryswick: France controls Haiti • 1795: Treaty of Basel: France controls D.R. • France establishes sugar empire • Very large numbers of African slaves • Terrible Conditions

  16. D.R. &Haiti: Timeline & Leaders • 1804: Both gain independence • Led by Francois Toussaint L’Ouverture • Turns rebellion into independence movement • 1822: Haiti is controlling almost all of Hispaniola • 1844: Elite Dominicans declare independence • 1861: Haiti is very close to gaining it back • D.R. allows Spain to annex it because they REALLY don’t want Haiti in control (Foreign Intervention) • 1865: D.R. wins second war for independence • Led by Gregorio Luperon

  17. D.R. & Haiti: Characteristics & Aftermath • Scorched Earth Policy • Burn all the sugar. No more sugar=No more France • Began with very little, now there’s even less • Haiti needs to control D.R. so they can have the resources and revenue & to pay off debts • Very poor and unstable

  18. Peruvian Independence: Causes • Natives used as slaves in mining, agriculture, llamas • Death from disease, mining accidents • 1730-1814: LOTS of slave rebellions

  19. Peruvian Independence: Timeline & Leaders • 1742: Tupac Amaru II questions Spain, chastises treatment of non-elite • 1780: Large army, uprising spreading • Amaru is killed but becomes a martyr • Spanish grip is fading • 1814-15: San Martin & Bolivar support (foreign intervention) • 1821: San Martin captures Lima • Forces elite into Andes • Declaration of Independence • 1824: Bolivar leads army into Andes • Finishes remaining loyalists & colonialism in S.A.

  20. Peruvian Independence: Characteristics & Aftermath • Initially rebellions • Once San Martin and Bolivar get involved it becomes more war like with more traditional tactics • Very politically unstable afterward • 34 presidents in 40 years, mostly military • Economic viability comes with discovery of Guano (bat poo) as fertilizer • Guano dries up, Peru continues to struggle

  21. Colombian Independence: Causes • Heavy importation of slaves for large estates • Relatively good relations/ loyalty • Elites unhappy because of taxation without representation, i.e. economic causes • Slaves side with them b/c they are loyal

  22. Colombian Independence: Timeline & Leaders • 1780: Comunero Revolt • Elites want representation/no taxes • 1810: GB and US help them fight war for independence • 1819: Battle of Boyaca (Bolivar participates) • Colombia gains Independence • Gen. Francisco de Paula Santander • Leader during revolution • President in 1832 • Democratic govt., why US wants to help (outcomes)

  23. Colombian Independence: Characteristics & Intervention • US and GB intervene to add military support • Bolivar and Santander participation also means good organization

  24. Panamanian Independence: Causes • Controlled by Colombia • Popular b/c it was so narrow, ability to get to West coast • Permission to build the canal is the main reason they become independent

  25. Panamanian Independence: Timeline & Leaders • 1830: Fight Colombia • US supports Colombia • 1855: Trans-Panamanian railway • Not efficient enough • 1880s: Ferdinand de Lesseps engineers canal, project abandoned • 1885: Panama rebels again, Colombia and US crush • 1903:Teddy Roosevelt asks to build canal, Colombia says no • Phillipe Bunau-Varilla convinces congress to build the canal in Panama, supports separation from Colombia • US supports revolt, Panama gains independence

  26. Panamanian Independence: Intervention & Aftermath • Excellent example of foreign intervention • Gained independence because US wanted them to • Canal built 1907-1914

  27. United States: Causes • King George III: Heavy taxation of colonists • Defending more land ( conflict w/ Native Americans) • War debt from 7 Years War • Smuggling • 1763: PM George Grenville- Dislikes American colonists • 1763: Orders of Council • Proclamation of 1763 • Revenue Act of 1764 (Sugar Act) • Currency Act of 1764 • 1765: Stamp Act • England ignores all complaints • Taxation w/o representation

  28. United States: TimelinePre-Revolution • Summer 1765: Protesting, effigy of Peter Oliver • He resigns: success=more support • 1767: Stamp Act repealed • Townshend Acts instead  more protests • Military sent to America  Boston Massacre • 1773: Tea Crisis- Parliament raises tea tax b/c no one is buying it  Boston Tea Party • 1774: Coercive Acts (5 Parts) • American response is 1st Continental Congress (Phil.) • Petition, agree to meet in 1775 if King doesn’t respond • 1775: Decide to write Declaration of Independence • 1776: Declaration of Independence signed

  29. United States Timeline: Revolutionary War • 1775: Battles of Lexington and Concord • 1777: Battle of Saratoga- First victory for patriots • Battle that convinces France to enter the war • 1778: Treaty of Amity and Commerce • 1778: First Naval conflict • 1781: Battle of Yorktown • Washington pushes British to coast where Rochambeau meets with his fleet, British surrender • 1783: Treaty of Paris • Colonies recognized as independent

  30. United States: Leaders • Samuel Adams, Loyal 9, Patrick Henry, Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Payne, John Locke • Thomas Hutchinson, Francis Bernard, Peter & Andrew Oliver, Marquis of Rockingham • Gen. George Washington, Gen. Rochambeau, James Madison • Gen. Cornwallis, Benedict Arnold

  31. United States: Aftermath • 1781: Articles of Confederation ratified • Ended quickly because it had no power • 1789: Constitution comes into affect (Madison) • War of 1812- England is mad about losing colonies • Era of Good Feeling- sense of accomplishment, strong for expansion, etc. • 1823: MONROE DOCTRINE • European countries can’t intervene in the Americas • Would be seen as an act of aggression requiring US intervention • US also couldn’t intervene in European colonies or issues • GB liked it because it would keep other nations from colonizing there and interfering with their trade.

More Related