The Cold War

1. The Cold War

2. War Time Diplomacy • Yalta Conference – (Feb 1945) Plan for post war world • April, 1945 – FDR is dead, Truman is left in the dark • Potsdam Declaration (July 1945)

3. Economic effects of WWII • War time production pulls the US out of depression • Employment • Employment Act of 1946 • GI Bill of Rights • Taft-Hartley Act - 1947 – Outlawed “unfair labor practices”

4. Election of 1948 • Harry Truman – democrat • Ran an aggressive campaign • Whistle Stops – short speeches in train stop towns - 2 cross-country trips • Thomas Dewey – republican • Aristocrat, not aggressive, well-educated, good speaker…believed he had the Presidency in the bag • Strom Thurmond – Dixiecrat • Keep the south segregated….states rights

5. Containment • Theory by George Kennan - diplomat • US policy around the globe: let communism exist where it currently resides, but do not allow the expansion of communism

6. Containment Policies Under Truman • Truman Doctrine - 1947 • Marshall Plan – 1947 • NATO – 1949 - North Atlantic Treaty Organization • Warsaw pact - 1955 • Berlin Airlift – 1947 • Korean War – 1950-1953 • McArthur is relieved from command - 1951

7. Red Scare II • Executive Order 9835 – • House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) – 1947 • Hollywood Ten • McCarran Committee

8. Alger Hiss - 1950 • Alger Hiss • High appointments in State Department, friend of FDR • Accused of being a communist • Hiss denies, but evidence shows validity to accusations • Any documents he may have stolen were meaningless • People feared infiltration into government

9. Rosenbergs • Klaus Fuchs – physicist that worked on Manhattan Project – sold nuclear technology to Soviets • Captured by British • Julius and Ethyl Rosenberg – Americans implicated in this spy ring - 1951 • They were sent to the chair • Soviets detonate first A-bomb in 1949

10. Joe McCarthy – Senator, Wisconsin • Chairman of the Government Appropriations Committee • Loved the spotlight • Claimed to have names of communists in the State Department – no evidence • Army –McCarthy Hearings • People began to view him as a bully and simpleton

11. Eisenhower Presidency • Ike gets us out of Korea – war had stagnated - signed a truce in 1953 • Interstate Highway Act – 1956 • John Foster Dulles – Sec of State – • “rollback” • Eisenhower disagreed • U2 spy plane shot down – May 1960 - Gary Powers

12. Central Intelligence Agency • During WWII there was army intel, navy intel, strategic intel, the FBI. This was consolidated after the war into the CIA • Ike used them aggressively to topple governments that were a threat to US security • Iran – 1953 • Guatemala – 1954 • Jacabo Arbenz y Guzman – thought to be a commie • CIA led overthrow • Pro-American dictator takes over – General Castillo Armas

13. Space Race • Space Race – who will get to the moon first? What advantage does this provide in the Cold War? • Sputnik – 1957 • NASA – 1958 - National Aeronautics and Space Act • NDEA – 1958 - National Defense Education Act • Soviets send first man into space Yuri Gagarin - 1961 • US puts men on the moon in 1969 – Neil Armstrong

14. Civilian Defense Against Nuclear Attacks • Duck and Cover • Crawl beneath a desk, assume fetal position, cover head • Most believed it wouldn’t do much good • Fallout Shelters (bomb shelters) – Designated areas where people could take shelter from radioactive fallout

15. Vietnam in the 50s • French colony • Ho Chi Minh wanted to nationalize Vietnam • French puppet ruler named Bao Dai • Dien Bien Phu • French lose • America was funding the French efforts • Feared Domino Effect in SE Asia • 1954 – Geneva Peace Conference • America maintains an economic and advisory role in Vietnam

16. JFK - The Cold Warrior • Get America Moving Again • Peace Corps – 1961 • Bay of Pigs Invasion – April 1961 • Castro took power in overthrow of pro-US government 1959 • Fulgencio Batista • Began seizing US interests on island • Berlin Wall – Aug, 1961 – Nov 1989

17. East and West Berlin - 1961

18. Cuban Missile Crisis – Oct 1962 • U2 plane photographs missile sites • Kennedy establishes naval “quarantine” • Soviets call this a prelude to war • Plans in motion for invasion of Cuba – DEFCON 2 (highest alert in US History) • Soviet ships approach, but slow down • Soviets send two offers, which confuse the Americans • One to promise to never invade Cuba, the other added the removal of missiles from Turkey • Soviets shoot down US spy plane, but JFK resists military action • JFK and Khrushchev work out a deal to remove missile from Cuba

19. Wake of Cuban Missile Crisis • Limited Test Ban Treaty – July 1963 – outlawed nuclear testing in atmosphere, outer space, or underwater • New communication lines • Had slow telegraph + encryption • Added hotline

20. Vietnam & LBJ • Vietnam escalates in 1964 • Gulf of Tonkin Resolution • Operation Rolling Thunder • Sent 165,000 troops to Vietnam in 1965 • 431,000 by mid ’66 • Where’s the enemy? • Tet Offensive – 1968 • Mai Lai Massacre

21. Richard Nixon - Vietnam • Nixon ramps up Vietnam before cooling it down • “peace with honor” • Invasion of Cambodia • Protests back home (Kent State) • Vietnamization • Cease fire in Jan 1973 (Paris Peace Agreement) • 58,000 dead • War Powers Act – 1973

22. Richard Nixon - Detente • Détente - A “lessening of tensions” • Beginning with the Nonproliferation Treaty and SALT I and ending when Russia invades Afghanistan • Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I) – May 1972 • Nixon is the first president to visit both Russia and China • End of Vietnam

23. Jimmy Carter • Camp David Accords • SALT II • US Boycotts Moscow Olympiad • Iranian Hostage Crisis – 1979

24. Ronald Reagan & the Cold War • Sharp increase in defense budget • New Missiles (MX missiles) • B1 Bombers (long range) • SDI (Strategic Defense Initiative) • Fear: US might prevail in a nuclear showdown • Changed rhetoric from détente to “The Evil Empire” • Peace through strength

25. Iran-Contra • Sandinistas - Socialists • US believed they were shipping arms to El Salvador to help with the overthrow of a right-wing government there • In 1981 – CIA began to arm the Contras • In 1984 - Boland Amendment • From 1984-86, the administration funded the Contras with outside aid and weapons sales • Iran and Iraq at war • Weapons sales to Iran in exchange for Iran’s help in freeing seven American hostages in Lebanon

26. Gorbachev & Reagan • In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev selected as general secretary. • Glasnost • Perestroika • Wants to work to improve relations • Strong diplomacy – “Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!” • Gradual collapse of the “Iron Curtain” • Berlin Wall comes down in 1989 • No President reduced nukes like Ronald Reagan • Intermediate Nuclear Force Agreement • START I • Soviet states began to call for sovereignty – Ukraine, Latvia, Belarus, etc

27. Impact of the Cold War • American film – critical, satirical, prophetic, but always articulating the “fear” • Stanley Kubric’s Dr. Strangelove: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb • The Day After • Terminator • War Games • Music • Land of Confusion – Genesis • Russians - Sting