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Learn about the levels of organization in the human body with a focus on the digestive and respiratory systems. Explore the functions of each system and how they work together for vital processes.
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Human Body Systems And Levels of Organization • Digestive • Respiratory • Integumentary • Immune • Lymphatic • Muscular • Circulatory • Skeletal • Nervous • Endocrine • Excretory • Reproductive
Can you identify & label the 3 levels of organization shown here?
Levels of OrganizationThe Human Body has several “layers” of organization beginning with the simplest and becoming more complex. Answers to previous slide: cell, tissue, organ (small intestine). http://www.bmb.psu.edu/courses/bisci004a/chem/levels.jpg
Your digestive system is like a complicated chemical processing plant, and performs many functions.
Three Major Functions of the Digestive System… …breaks down food into molecules the body can absorb. …passes these molecules into the blood to be carried throughout the body. …works to eliminate solid wastes from the body.
Label the parts of your digestive system on your handout; then correct them using the following slide.
The Digestive Journey Digestion begins in your mouth with action of your teeth and tongue (mechanical digestion) and your salivary glands (chemical digestion). The salivaryglands produce enzymes that are mixed with the food, breaking down the starches. Peristalsis is the muscular action that moves the food through the esophagus and into yourstomach after you swallow.
Your Stomach The food moves into your stomach, which contains chemicals that break down biomolecules like proteins and lipids. Your stomach releases these materials into the upper small intestine (duodenum), where digestion is completed. Your stomach also has a thick coating of mucus to protect it form the acids and to keep it from digesting itself!
By the way, your stomach really does look like a muscular bag!
Your Liver, Pancreas, and Gall Bladder Located in the upper portion of your abdomen, your liver is the largest organ of your body. It is like a busy chemical factory that plays many roles such as breaking down toxins and producing bile--a substance that helps break down fat. The bile is stored in the gall bladder. The pancreas lies between the stomach and the duodenum and produces enzymes that flow into the small intestines, helping to break up complex starches, proteins, and fats.
Your Small & Large Intestines After the solid food has been digested it passes into the small intestines. In the small intestines all the nutrients are absorbed leaving undigestible wastes. These wastes pass into the large intestines, where water is removed. Then the wastes are stored in the rectum until they are released by the anus asfeces.
Cross Section of Your Intestines The Microvilli (or Villi) add surface area to increase absorption of food and nutrients. On the left you see how the villi line your small intestines, and on the right you see one villi with its capillaries.
The Functions of Your Respiratory System Your respiratory system moves oxygen from the outside environment into your body. It also removes carbon dioxide and water from your body (this image shows all the tiny bronchioles that carry air into your alveoli for gas exchange).
The Path of Air Please label the parts of your respiratory system on your handout. Can you describe the path that air takes as it enters and leaves your body?
The Respiratory and Circulatory Systems: Working Together. Working together the respiratory and circulatory systems form the cardio-pulmonary system, which is an integral connection between the heart and lungs.
Respiratory Disease: Pneumonia Pneumonia is an inflammation or infection of the lungs most commonly caused by a bacteria or virus. Pneumonia can also be caused by inhaling vomit or other foreign substances. Web Sources and Resources www.medimagery.com/Respiration/ lungs.html
Respiratory Disease: Lung Cancer The cancerous lung (right) shows how much damage smoking can do over time to your respiratory system.
The Integumentary System (skin) • Covers your body • Prevents water loss • Protects the body from injury and infection • eliminates wastes
Your skin …. • gathers information about the environment • produces vitamin D • Helps regulate bodytemperature The skin is organized into two main layers, the epidermis and the dermis.
Your Immune System Your Immune system protects you from foreign invaders. Special cells react to each kind of pathogen with a defense targeted specifically at that pathogen. http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1996/illpres/introduction.html
Your Immune System Has Many Specialized Cells! White blood cells that target specific pathogens are called lymphocytes. There are two major kinds of lymphocytes—T cells and B cells. T cells identify pathogens. B cells produce chemicals called antibodies.
How Your Immune System Works Our immune system protects us against threats. These include viruses, bacteria and parasites causing infectious diseases, from ordinary flu to full-blown malaria. The white blood cells of the defense system are produced in the marrow of our bones. The cells are carried in the blood to specialized organs, where they develop and communicate to launch immune responses against infections. • http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1996/illpres/introduction.html
The Functions of Your Lymphatic System Your lymphatic system and the cardiovascular system are closely related systems that are joined by a capillary system. The lymphatic system is important to the body's defense mechanisms. It filters out organisms that cause disease, produces certain white blood cells and makes antibodies. It is also important for the distribution of fluids and nutrients in the body, because it drains excess fluids and protein so that tissues do not swell up.
Your Muscular SystemTypes of Muscles Your body has three types of muscle tissue—skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle.
Skeletal Muscle Skeletal muscles are attached to the bones of your skeleton. A tendon is a strong connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone. Note: ligaments connect bones together.
Smooth Muscle Smooth muscles are called involuntary muscles because they work automatically.
Cardiac Muscle Cardiac muscles are involuntary muscles found only in the heart. Cardiac muscles do not get tired. A Cardiac Muscle Cell
Voluntary Muscles The muscles that you directly control are called voluntary muscles. Smiling and turning the pages in a book are actions of voluntary muscles
Involuntary Muscle Action The muscles that are not under your conscious control are called involuntary muscles. Your colon (left) is lined with smooth muscle, and your heart (right) is comprised of cardiac muscle which works automatically pumping blood around your body.
How Do Muscles Work? Muscles work by contracting, or becoming shorter and thicker. Because muscle cells can only contract, not extend, skeletal muscles must work in pairs. While one muscle contracts, the other muscle in the pair returns to its normal length. For example, in order to move the lower arm, the biceps muscle contracts to bend the elbow. To straighten the elbow, the triceps muscle contracts while the biceps returns to normal.
Your Skeletal SystemFunctions Your skeleton has five major functions • provides shape and support • enables you to move • protects your internal organs • produces blood cells • stores certain materials until your body needs them
The Structure of Bone A thin, tough membrane covers all of a bone except the ends. Blood vessels and nerves enter and leave the bone through the membrane. Beneath the membrane is a layer of compact bone, which is hard and dense, but not solid. Small canals run through the compact bone, carrying blood vessels and nerves from the bone’s surface to the living cells within the bone. Just inside the compact bone is a layer of spongy bone, which has many small spaces within it.
Bone Anatomy Bone cells are called osteocytes
Cartilage Cartilage provides a smooth surface between bones or sometimes a more flexible extension of bone, as in the tip of your nose. As an infant, much of your skeleton was cartilage. By the time you stop growing, most of the cartilage will have been replaced with hard bone tissue.
Joints A joint is a place in the body where two bones come together. Joints allow bones to move in different ways. Immovable joints connect bones in a way that allows little or no movement. Movable joints allow the body to make a wide range of movements. Movable joints include ball-and- socket joints, pivot joints, hinge joints, and gliding joints. The bones in movable joints are held together by a strong connective tissue called a ligament.
Osteoporosis Osteoporosis is a disease in which bones become fragile and more likely to break. A healthy diet rich in Calcium can help prevent osteoporosis.
