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Accelerated Fall Exam Review

Study guide for science exam covering measuring tools, units, formulas, physical and chemical changes, properties of matter, elements, compounds, density calculations.

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Accelerated Fall Exam Review

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  1. Accelerated Fall Exam Review • 2012-2013

  2. Density 2

  3. Measuring Length… • Tool: Ruler • Unit: Meters (centimeter, millimeter) • Length of lines: • Small: 1cm • Large: 9cm 3

  4. Measuring Mass • Tool: Triple Beam Balance • Unit: Grams 4

  5. Measuring Liquid Volume • Tool: Graduated Cylinder • Units: Liter (milliliter) 5

  6. Regularly Shaped Object… • Tool: Ruler • Unit: CubicMeters (m3, cm3) • Formula: LxWxH 6

  7. Volume of the Box • 20 cm wide, 3 cm long, 5 cm tall • 20cm x 3cm x 5cm = 300 cm3 • Volume of the box = 300 cm3 7

  8. Three cubic centimeters can be written like: 3cm3 • When you measure something in meters cubed, you are measuring the object’s volume 8

  9. When working with a burning candle: If your partner catches on fire, partner needs to stop, drop, and roll while you yell for help and get a fire blanket If you catch on fire, stop drop and roll You broke a glass beaker in the lab: Danger: cutting hands, spilled chemicals What you do: warn people around you and get your teacher You spilled a chemical in the lab: Danger: contaminating lab and injuring people What do you do: warn classmates and tell teacher 9

  10. The approximate diameter of a penny is 2 cm. • The approximate height from the floor to the top of a door is 2m. • The approximate measurement of the thickness of a nickel is 2mm. • The difference between hour 1 and hour 2 is C – 4mL 10

  11. The in liquid is B-14mL. The mass of the object is 197.2g. 11

  12. Matter • 1. Matter -has mass and takes up space • 2. Definition of volume: the amount of space an object takes up • 3. Definition of mass: the amount of matter in an object • 4. What are the four indicators of a physical change? Size change, shape change, PHASE change, no new material 12

  13. 5. What are the indicators of a chemical change? bubbling and fizzing (gas produced), heat produced, cold produced, color change, smell change, new substance created • 4. The ability to boil, freeze, condense, and melt are physical properties • 5. Conductivity is a physical property. • 6.Magnetism is a physical property. 13

  14. 7. What substances are usually magnetic? metals • 8. The change is chemical. A gas, which is an indicator of a chemical change, has been created. • 9. The process of changing a substance from solid to liquid is known as melting • 10. The process of changing a substance from a liquid to a gas is knows as evaporation or boiling. 14

  15. 11. The process of changing from a liquid to a solid is freezing • 12. These are all physical changes because phase changes are physical. • 13. Ice Melting...This is a physical change because phase changes are physical changes. 15

  16. 13. Ice melting is a physical change because it is still water, just in a different state or phase. • 14. A phase change in still the same substance but just had heat added. A chemical reaction is when two substances come together a produces a gas. • 15. What is a precipitate? A solid that forms when two liquids combine chemically. 16

  17. Part 3 • Element – atoms of the same type • Compound – two or more elements chemically combined • Atom – smallest form of an element • Properties of metals: shiny luster, malleable, ductile, conducts heat and electricity, mainly solids • Properties of metalloids – brittle , semi-conductor, shiny luster • Properties of non-metals: dull, brittle, do not conduct electricity, 18

  18. 7. Calcium: metal Cobalt: metal Argon: Nonmetal Boron: Metalloid 8. C6H12O6: Elements: 3 Atoms: 24 Compound or Element H2O Elements: 2 Atoms: 3 Compound or Element H2O2 Elements: 2 Atoms: 4 Compound or Element 19

  19. 9. Chemical Symbol: Co 10. Chemical Formula: CO and H2O2 11. Model of HCl and how do I know? The elements are chemically bonded 12. The elements that are good conductors, malleable, and attracted to a magnet… Copper, Iron, Nickel 13. Density – amount of matter is a given volume 20

  20. Part 3 14. How do you calculate density: mass/volume 15. Density of wood: Mass = 80.0 grams Volume = 3 cm x 6 cm x 4 cm = 72cm3 Density = 80g/72cm3 = 1.11g/cm3 16. Would the item float or sink? Sink – density is greater than 1 17. Beads: mass = 425 grams volume = 48 cm3 density = 425 g/48cm3 = 8.86 g/cm3 The beads are made of Copper! 21

  21. 18. Density of the solution: Mass = 60.75g Volume = 45mL Density = 60.75g/45mL = 1.35g/mL 19. The solution would sink in the water. 22

  22. Abiotic factors are factors that are not living nor were they ever living! 2. Abiotic Examples: water, air, shelter, buildings, weather, sunlight 3. Biotic – factors that are living or once was living 4. Levels of organization Organism – single form of a living object Population – Multiple of the same organism Community – Multiple types of organisms living together Ecosystem – All biotic and abiotic factors 23

  23. Biome – Areas of similar climatic conditions Biosphere – All the ecosystems 5. Food chain – representation of the energy passed from one organism to another. Arrows indicate flow of energy. 6. Food web – shows flow of energy through several overlapping chains. 7. Energy Pyramid – Compares the energy available at each level. Amount of energy available decreases as you move up the pyramid 8. Most energy is found at the bottom of the pyramid with the producers 24

  24. Other Questions: • Producer – organism that makes its own food for energy • Autotroph – can produce its own food • Consumer – must eat another organism for energy. Primary eats producers, secondary eats primary consumers • Heterotroph – organism dependent on another for food and energy • Primary Succession – rebuilding of an ecosystem starting with rock, no soil, and pioneer species being lichens 25

  25. 6. Secondary Succession – rebuilding of an ecosystem when soil is still present, pioneer species are grasses. 7. Climax community – community in which the plants and animals remain stable. 8. Pioneer Species – first species to colonize a disrupted ecosystem 9. Biodiversity – variation of life forms in an ecosystem 26

  26. 10. How does biodiversity contribute to the sustainability of an ecosystem – The more diverse the ecosystem, the higher the degree of sustainability 11. Energy can be traced back to the sun 27

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