Fall Final Exam Review

1. Fall Final Exam Review

2. Chapter 1.1 • 1. Astronomy- scientific study of the universe beyond Earth; space. • 2. Earth Science- scientific study of the Earth and the universe that surrounds it. • 3. Geology- scientific study of the origin, structure, and history Earth. • 4. Oceanography- scientific study of Earth’s oceans • 5. Meteorology- scientific study of Earth’s atmosphere; weather.

3. Chapter 1.2 • Biosphere- all living organisms on Earth • Atmosphere- the gases that surround Earth • Geosphere- the area from the surface to the core • Hydrosphere- the water on Earth

4. Chapter 1.3 • 1. Purpose/Problem • 2. Research • 3. Hypothesis • 4. Experiment • 5. Analyze • 6. Conclusion

5. Chapter 2.1 • 25 degrees • 15 minutes • 22 seconds

6. Chapter 4.1 • Mineral: naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a specific chemical composition and a definite crystalline structure. • Luster: the way that a mineral reflects light from its surface; two types-metallic and nonmetallic • Color: visual appearance, color of mineral. • Hardness: measure of how easily a mineral can be scratched, which is determined by the arrangement of a mineral’s atoms.

7. Chapter 4.1 • Streak: color a mineral leaves when it is rubbed across an unglazed porcelain plate or when it is broken up and powdered. • Cleavage: the manner in which a mineral breaks along smooth planes • Fracture: when a mineral breaks into rough uneven surfaces • Density: mass per volume of mineral.

8. Chapter 4.2 • A silicate is a mineral that is composed of both silicon and oxygen. A nonsilicate does NOT have both silicon and oxygen.

9. Chapter 4.3 • Softest is talc • Hardest is diamond

10. Chapter 5/6.1 • From fire: igneous • Changed form: metamorphic

11. Chapter 5/6.2 • Igneous • Sedimentary • Metamorphic

12. Chapter 5/6.3 • James Hutton

13. Chapter 5/6.4 • Clastic • Chemical • Biochemical

14. Chapter 5/6.5 • Melt at different rates: partial melting • Cool at different rates: Fractional crystallization

15. Chapter 5/6.6 • Granitic, intermediate, basaltic, and ultrabasic • They are classified according to silica content

16. Chapter 5/6.7 • Buildings

17. Chapter 5/6.8 Magma Magma cools and hardens melting Metamorphic Igneous Rock Heat and Pressure Weathering and transportation Sedimentary Rock Sediment lithification

18. Chapter 5/6.9 • As glaciers started to retreat they melted and left behind a sea over Indiana. As that sea evaporated the particles from the living substances settled to the ground and reacted chemically to each other and the water to form chemical sedimentary rocks.

19. Chapter 7/8.1 • Ice Wedging • Thermal Expansion • Abrasion • Organic Activity • Biological Activity

20. Chapter 7/8.2 • Oxidation • Dissolution

21. Chapter 7/8.3 • Differential Weathering: Rocks weather at different rates. • Mass movement: downslope movement of earth materials due to gravity, can occur quickly or slowly. • Abrasion: Is the grinding and wearing away of rock surfaces through the mechanical action of other rock or sand particles.

22. Chapter 7/8.3 • Erosion: process in which the materials of Earth’s surface are loosened, dissolved, or worn away and transported from one place to another by a natural agent, such as wind, water, ice, or gravity • Mechanical weathering: produces smaller pieces • Chemical Weathering: Chemical alteration of minerals, changes both the composition and physical appearance of the rock.

23. Chapter 9.1 • Evapotranspiration: all water that is lost from an area • Precipitation: water of any form that falls to the earth • Evaporation: when liquid water changes to a water vapor (gas) • Condensation: When water vapor turns to liquid gas • Transpiration: plants and animals release water vapor into the atmosphere

24. Chapter 10.1 • Groundwater: water beneath the ground. • Well: hole that is dug to below the level of the water table and through which groundwater is brought to Earth’s surface. • Spring: natural flow of groundwater to Earth’s surface in places where the ground surface dips below the water table.

25. Chapter 10.2 • Hot springs • geysers

26. Chapter 10.3 • Amount of Precipitation • Topography • Permeability of aquifer • Rate humans use water

27. Chapter 10.4 • Seasons

28. Chapter 17.1 • Wegener • Pangaea

29. Chapter 17.2 • Convergent: 2 plates move towards each other • Divergent: Away from each other • Transform: Slide past each other

30. Chapter 17.3 • Transform: earthquakes • Convergent: Volcanic island arc, trenches, volcanoes, and mountains • Divergent: Sea floor spreading, mid ocean ridges

31. Chapter 17.4 • Pacific Plate

32. Chapter 17.5 • Puzzle like fit • Animal fossils • Plant fossils • Climate clues • Rock formations

33. Chapter 17.6 • Hot material rises • Cool material sinks • This creates a circular motion

34. 17.7 • Mountains

35. Chapter 17.8 • 1. continental crust • 2. lithosphere • 3. asthenosphere • 4. oceanic crust • 5. Mantle

36. Chapter 17.9 • The Atlantic Ocean is expanding because of the divergent plate boundaries which causes sea-floor spreading. The Pacific ocean is shrinking because it has convergent plate boundaries with subduction.

37. Chapter 18.1 • Supervolcano • Stratovolcano (composite) • Cinder Cone • Shield

38. Chapter 18.2 • Caldera: large crater, can form when the summit or side of a volcano collapses into the magma chamber during or after an eruption • Pyroclastic Flow: swift-moving, potentially deadly clouds of gas, ash, and other volcanic material produced by a violent eruption.

39. Chapter 18.3 • Volcano Explosivity Index (VEI)

40. Chapter 18.4 • Supervolcano • Composite/Strato • Cinder Cone • Shield

41. Chapter 18.5 • Hawaii

42. Chapter 18.6 • Form along convergent plate boundaries with subduction and hot spots. • Volcanoes along convergent boundaries with subduction are more common. (Composite volcanoes are most common type)

43. Chapter 18.7 • Yellowstone: Supervolcano • Mt. St. Helen’s: Composite

44. Chapter 19.1 • Epicenter is the point on the surface where the earthquake took place • Focus: the exact point beneath the surface where the earthquake took place

45. Chapter 19.2 • 3

46. Chapter 19.3 • Modified Mercalli scale measures intensity of earthquake. • Richter scale measures the magnitude of earthquake.

47. Chapter 19.4 • Body Waves: P-waves and S-Waves • Surface waves: Rayleigh and Love • P waves are the fastest

48. Chapter 19.5 • Alaska

49. Chapter 19.6 • Strike Slip: shear stress, movement is side by side • Normal: tension, move away from each other • Reverse: Compression, move towards each other

50. Ch. 21.1 • Widespread • Distinct (look like nothing else) • There are a lot of them • Exist for a relatively short period of time