Space and Technology

1. Space and Technology 6th Grade Science

2. Astronomy • ___________ - The branch of science that deals with celestial objects, space, and the physical universe as a whole. The study of space and all of the objects in it. • _____________ - seasons, phases of the moon, and the rising and setting of the sun each day. • Certain sets of _____ were expected to appear in specific seasons. Astronomy Patterns in the sky stars

3. Eclipses • ___________ - occurs when the Moon blocks the Sun’s light . • ___________ - occurs when Earth casts a shadow on the Moon • Ancient cultures made predictions based on the careful observations and records of the movement of the ______ and _________ Solar eclipse Lunar eclipse Sun Moon

4. Astronomy Tools • Early Tools • Europe and Middle East (200 B.C. to 1700 A.D) • __________ - a star map drawn on a metal plate. • Moveable parts that allowed a viewer to measure an angle between the ________ and a ______ or ______ • Other plates could be adjusted to show what the sky would look like at a particular time or place. astrolabe horizon star planet

5. Early tools continued • By 1700’s the ________ had been replaced by the ________ - measures the ______ between the ________ and a ____________ • _________________ - Italian scientist that the first person to use a _________ to study _______. (he did not invent the telescope) • ________ - gathers light to magnify far away objects in the sky. astrolabe sextant angle horizon Point in the sky Galileo Galilei telescope astronomy telescope

6. Galileo Galilei’s Discoveries • Galileo discovered that • the _____has _________and that the ____spins. • ______ has phases like the ______ • _________ has four _______ that orbit around it. • ______ and other planets revolve around the ___ • Many other scientists disputed Galileo’s findings. Most of his colleagues believed that the Earth was the center of the universe moon Mountains sun Venus moon Jupiter moons Earth sun

7. Isaac Newton • Newton developed the _________________ • Earlier telescopes used ______ to focus light and ______ distant objects • Newton’s telescope used a __________ - this advancement allowed objects that were dimmer and further away to be seen in sharper detail. Reflecting telescope lenses magnify Curved mirror

8. Modern Telescopes • Telescopes gather ____ and ___________ it • _____________ tie the record as the _______ telescopes in the world – the mirrors in these telescopes are made up of _____ pieces that work together as a system to gather __________ (light we see from the sun and stars) and __________ (electromagnetic radiation that we cannot see) light concentrate Keck I and Keck II largest horizon Visible light Infrared light

9. Radio Telescopes • Radio telescopes are used to detect ________ • The radio telescope looks more like a _______ • Radio telescopes have a _____________ that collects and focuses radio waves given off by distant objects in space (instead of lenses and mirrors). • Some telescopes are launched into space because conditions are ______ and ______ Radio waves Satellite dish Bowl-shaped dish clear dark

10. Stars • ____ - gigantic balls of very hot gases that give off electromagnetic radiation. • The ____ is a ____ - medium sized compared to some others in space • The sun gives off an enormous amount of _______ and _______ (heat) energy. • The energy that the sun emits is a result of _______ between _____ and _______ gases Stars sun star light thermal reactions helium hydrogen

11. Sun’s energy • Inside of the ___ of the sun the _______ of _______ atoms collide and fuse together to form a new nucleus and a new element - _____. • When this reaction happens – large amounts of _______ are released causing the sun to _____ • Many different ______ and ______ of stars core nuclei hydrogen helium energy shine sizes colors

12. Stars Continued • The _____ is the closest ____to the _____ • The _________ stars are the stars that give off the most _______. • A star’s _______, __________, and _________ from the Earth determines how bright a star appears to us. • _____ - the brightest star in the night sky • ________ closest star to Earth –larger, hotter, and more than 20 times as bright as the sun. sun star Earth brightest energy size temperature distance Sirius ninth

13. Color and Heat • A star’s color tells you how _____ it is. • The coolest stars are ____ (example Barnard’s star - _______) • __________ stars are moderately hot (example: the sun has a temperature of ______) • The hottest stars are _______ and _________ hot red 2250  C Red and yellow 5500  C white Blue-white

14. Sun • Sun is a _________ of hot _____ and no __________ • The sun has ______ • _________ - the layer of sun that gives off light energy that we can see. • __________ - the layer above the photosphere • ______ - outermost layer Fiery ball gases Hard surfaces layers photosphere chromosphere corona

15. Sunspots • ________ noticed dark spots moving along the face of the sun – he concluded from that observation that the sun must be _______. • _______ - dark moving spots in the ________ • Sunspots look darker than other parts of the sun because they are not as ____ • Sunspots travel along the ____ of the sun because the sun rotates more slowly at its ______ than its ____________ Galileo rotating sunspots photosphere hot face poles equator

16. Solar Eruptions • Blazing gases called _________from the __________ may reach the ______ • ____________ (ribbons of glowing gases) may appear and the disappear in a few days or months • _________ - chromosphere erupts like a volcano – spews out huge amounts of _______________, ______, and _______ prominences chromosphere corona prominences Solar Flare Electromagnetic waves protons neutrons

17. Solar Eclipse • __________ - when the Moon blocks the light of the sun • The ______ makes two types of _______ on the Earth during an eclipse • _______ - darker, inner part of an eclipse shadow • _________ - lighter, outer part of an eclipse shadow __________ - the _______ passes over an area and the sun is completely blocked for several minutes Solar Eclipses moon shadows umbra penumbra Total Eclipse umbra

18. Solar Eclipse Continued • During a _____________ - the sky darkens and stars can be seen in daytime • The moon’s shadow is small so that only a small part of Earth experiences a total eclipse. • Nearby areas experience a _________ - the _______ passes over or the _______ completely misses Earth Total solar eclipse Partial eclipse penumbra umbra

19. Light years • The waves caused by __________ can interrupt radio communication and cause damage to electrical systems • _____from the _____ takes only ________ to reach _____ • _______ distance light travels in one year • ___________ - 4 light years away from Earth – light we see from the star was made 4 yrs ago Solar eruptions Light sun 8 minutes Earth Light Year Alpha Centauri

20. ____ – a huge, hot glowing ball of gas star • ______ - new stars form in a cloud of gas and dust • Particles of gas and dust churn around and are pulled together by _______ until the clump of particles becomes a ____ - the star continues to grow as more and more particles are pulled in by gravity - __________- two nuclei join together • As the particles are pulled in the temperature begins to ____ nebula gravity ball Nuclear fusion rise

21. Stars continued • When the ball of particles gets hot enough, ________ gas will begin changing into ______ and a large amount of ______ will be released • Stars live a extremely _____ time – but not forever • __________ - an explosion that occurs at the end of a stars life – particles from the star are released into space carrying large amounts of energy hydrogen helium energy long supernova

22. Star Brightness • ___________ - a point in space that has such a strong force of gravity that nothing within a certain distance of it can escape getting pulled into it – not even light • _________ - used to describe a star’s _______ • ______________ - the brightness that we see on Earth • ______________ - measure of how bright the stars would appear if every star were exactly the same distance from Earth Black hole magnitude brightness Apparent Magnitude Absolute Magnitude

23. Star Life Cycle – page 566-567

24. Galaxies • _____ - a huge system or grouping of stars • ________- the sun, the Earth, and the other planets in the solar system are part of the galaxy • ______ of galaxies in the _______ • __________ - three fourths of all galaxies that have been discovered are in this category – look like pinwheels • Bright bulging middles and wispy arms that fan out from the center galaxy Milky Way billions universe Spiral Galaxies

25. Galaxies continued • ___________ - can be round or more oval. The largest galaxies are _________ • Galaxies that have nor particular size or shape are called ____________ - young galaxies where stars are still being developed. • The Milky Way is a __________ Elliptical galaxies elliptical Irregular galaxies Spiral Galaxy

26. Constellations • _________- a group of stars that form a pattern • Scientists have divided the sky into ____ constellations – dividing the sky into constellations makes the ____ easier to study • ___________ are star’s ________ in the sky • People in different parts of the world see different sections of the sky and constellations constellation 88 stars constellations address

27. Movement • Every 24 hours the Earth makes a complete _______. This is why the stars appear to move in the sky and the sun seems to travel across the sky. • ____________ change with the _________ because Earth is travelling around the sun. • It takes the Earth one year to travel around (similar to a merry go round) the sun – different parts of the sky come into view rotation constellations seasons

28. Earth’s Orbit and Seasons • The Sun’s gravitational pull on the Earth causes the Earth to _______ around the sun. • _______ - the path of an object that revolves around another object • Earth’s orbit around the sun is an _____ - flattened circle • It takes ______ for the earth to complete one ______ around the sun orbit orbit ellipse 1 yr orbit

29. Movement continued • Nothing in space stands still!!!!!! • Stars move in space in various _______ and at various _____ • The big dipper will look different in 100,000 years because the stars will move • The handle will look more crooked • The front of the bowl will have moved in opposite directions directions speeds

30. Earth In Space • _____________ - made up of nine planets along with many moons, asteroids, and comets. • The Earth and the other planets follow a path called an ____around the sun • Orbits have ________ paths (like a slightly flattened circle) • The ______ moves in an ________ orbit around the ______ Solar system orbit elliptical moon elliptical Earth

31. Revolution • The _______ move slightly closer to the ___ at certain parts of the orbit. • One full ______ is called a _________ • Earth’s _________ around the _______ lasts for a few hours more than _______( 1 year) • The _______ revolution around the ______ takes about ______( 1 month) • The word ______ comes from the word _____ planets sun orbit revolution revolution sun 365 days moons earth 28 days month moon

32. Day and Night • ________ keeps the Earth and other planets in ______ around the ____ and the ______ in orbit around the _____ • Planets ____causing one part of a planet to face toward the ___for a while – _____ • When the part that was facing the sun spins away from the sun - ______ • Earth _____ (or spins) on an ____ gravity orbit sun moon Earth spin sun DAY NIGHT rotates axis

33. Rotation • One whole ____ is called a ______. • The Earth completes one _______ in one ___ or _______ • During its orbit around the sun, Earth’s _____ always points in the same direction in space • As the Earth moves around the sun, the amount of ____ any place on Earth gets during the day slowly changes spin rotation rotation day 24 hours axis sun

34. Earth’s Temperature • Earth does not get as ___ or as ____ as other planets. • Because of the ______ at which the ______ rotates around the sun in a ____, the ________ on Earth is mild enough to support life. (the temperature does not get too hot or cold) • The __________ on Earth also helps it to protect itself from ___________ by the sun. hot cold speed Earth day temperature atmosphere overheating

35. Atmosphere • The atmosphere ________ some of the sun’s energy into space and ________ other energy. • The atmosphere holds warm air near the planet’s _______. • Some other planets have little or no atmosphere – the temperature changes are too drastic for life. • The ______ has almost ___ atmosphere reflects absorbs surface moon no

36. Pattern of Seasons • While the Earth is spinning on its axis, different parts of the Earth’s surface face ______ the sun during each _______. • _________ of daylight heat areas on Earth during ______ • ___________ of sunlight on other parts of the Earth receive less energy from the sun and colder temperatures during ______ toward season Long hours summer Fewer hours winter

37. Seasons Continued • ___________________________ - the sun warms the side of the Earth that tilts towards it more than it does the side that is tilted away from it. • When the ________ is tilted towards the sun, the Northern half of the Earth has ______ and the southern half has ______ • In spring and fall _____ pole is tilted towards the sun. Earth’s tilt on its axis is what causes seasons North Pole summer winter neither

38. Climate and Seasons • Earth’s _____ causes light from the sun to hit different parts of the Earth at different ______ • The rays of the sun at the different ________ transfer ________ to the Earth • The amount of __________ an area gets from the sun determines its _________ and ______ • Rays striking the ________ are more _______ while rays at the ____ are _____________ tilt angles angles energy Light energy climate seasons intense equator poles More spread out

39. Climate and Seasons continued • Summer – sun’s rays point almost directly toward Earth at _____ - days are very warm • As each day passes the sun’s rays strike at a greater and greater _____ - the sun looks lower in the sky • As the months pass, the rays of the sun are not as direct because the Earth has tilted away from the sun. warm angle

40. Distance and Temperature • Distance from the sun does not affect Earth’s seasons!!!!! • The _________ between the Earth and Sun changes ________ during the year • The Earth is closest to the sun in ______, when the United States has _____ • The Earth is farthest from the sun in ___ • Earth’s tilt causes the ______ distance slightly January Winter July seasons

41. Solar System • The _________ contains the sun and the cluster of bodies around it • _______ - small rocky planet is much like our moon, with many craters on its surface- no moon • _____ - a thick layer of hot clouds covers Venus’ rocky surfaces – no moon • ______ - third planet from the sun. Solid and rocky. Water covers three fourths of its surface. A thin blanket of air surrounds it Solar system Mercury Venus Earth

42. Planets Continued Mars • ___ - rocky surface covered by red, dusty soil. “Red Planet” • _____ - “gas giant” largest planet • _______ - gas planets have rings of rock, dust, and ice and Saturn has the most. • ________ - methane gas gives it its blue-green color • _________ - along with Jupiter and Saturn, this deep blue gas planet gives off more energy than it receives from the sun. Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune

43. Planets • Page 560-page 561 • Memorize planets in order and their characteristics • Larger planets have __________ of gravity on them than smaller ones. • Strong gravity holds more ____close to the planet creating a _____ atmosphere Stronger forces gases thicker

44. Space Probes • __________ - spacecraft that gather data without a crew – equipped with scientific instruments and cameras. • _______, _____, _____, and ____ make up the _________ of the solar system – they are ______ to the sun. • Space probes determined that all four have __________. Space Probes Mercury Venus Earth Mars Inner planets closest Rocky surfaces

45. What are the planets made of? • ______- core of the planet is 75% ____ • Mercury has almost no __________ • Closest planet to the sun ______ - closest planet to Earth. Thick cloudy atmosphere made of _____________. Clouds trap the sun’s heat – the temperature stays ____ all day and night. _____ - thin atmosphere made of mostly of ____________. Polar ice caps made of ________ carbon dioxide and frozen water. ____ in soil. Mercury iron atmosphere Venus Poisonous gases hot Mars solid Carbon Dioxide Iron

46. Gas Giants • Gas Giant plants include: _____, _____, _____, and _______ • Called gas giants because they are mostly made of _________, _________, and other gases. These planets have _________ and _____ • _____ - powerful lightning storms - ___________ • ______ - thousands of rings of ice, rock and dust • ______ - spins on its side • _______ - huge circular storm (like Jupiter’s) Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune hydrogen helium Many moons rings Jupiter Great Red Spot Saturn Uranus Neptune

47. Comets • _______ - a frozen mass of different types of ice and dust orbiting the sun. • Comets are much _______ than planets • They come from areas of the solar system beyond ______ • Only the largest comets can be seen with a _______. • A comet’s _______(core) has an uneven _____ • The comet forms ________ and a ______ only when it gets close enough for the sun to ______ the _________ Comet smaller Pluto telescope nucleus shape Two tails coma melt nucleus

48. Comet Tails • A comet has _______ - ion tail and dust tail • _________ - outward moving particles from the sun push the two tails in a direction ______ from the sun • _____ - consists of various glowing charged gases- _____ and _____ • ______ - fine dust particles escape from the nucleus as the ice melts - ____ and _______ Two tails Solar winds away Ion tail narrow bluish Dust ion wide yellow

49. Comet Coma • In addition to the nucleus and the two tails, a comet also has a _____ - a giant cloud of dust and evaporated gases that surrounds the ______. • The coma gives the comet its ____ and ______ appearance because the dust particles that are in the coma _____ sunlight and the gases ______ and _______ with ______. coma nucleus bright fuzzy reflect absorb glow energy

50. Asteroids • __________ - a rocky mass up to several hundred kilometers wide that revolves around the ____. • Sometimes called ___________ • Most asteroids orbit in an __________ - a region between ____ and _____ • Asteroids have ___________ some have smaller asteroids orbiting them • Most asteroids compete a ________ in ____ to ___ years. asteroid sun Minor planets Asteroid belt Mars Jupiter Uneven shapes revolution three six