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THE ANIMAL KINGDOM Under the Sea

THE ANIMAL KINGDOM Under the Sea. These Ain’t ANIMALS!. Any plants or prokaryotes. Any Protists like: Diatoms and Foraminifera and other stuff like that Algae and Kelp Dinoflagellates and Zooxanthellae Amoebas Radiolarians, etc. PORIFERA. “pore bearing” sponges asymmetry. Porifera.

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THE ANIMAL KINGDOM Under the Sea

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  1. THE ANIMAL KINGDOMUnder the Sea

  2. These Ain’t ANIMALS! • Any plants or prokaryotes. • Any Protists like: • Diatoms and Foraminifera and other stuff like that • Algae and Kelp • Dinoflagellates and Zooxanthellae • Amoebas • Radiolarians, etc

  3. PORIFERA “pore bearing” sponges asymmetry

  4. Porifera • All sponges are suspension feeders, they feed on passing plankton and tiny organic particles • They have no real tissue, they just have different special cells working together • No digestive system or skeleton, just specialized cells

  5. CNIDARIA “stinging cells” coral, jellyfish, sea anemone, hydra radial symmetry

  6. Cnidaria • 1. There are 2 types of Cnidaria structure: polyps and medusas • 2. There are 3 major classes of Cnidarians: • a. Hydrozoa- hydras • b. Scyphozoa- Jellyfish • c. Anthozoa- Sea Anemones and Coral • 3. They have radial symmetry. • 4. There are no organs, only tissues. • 5. They have 2 layers: • a. epidermis- outer • b. gastrodermis- inner • c. mesoglea- jelly between the layers

  7. Cnidaria • 6. They have a simple gastric cavity called a coelenteron. • 7. They contain specialized cells for feeding and defense called “stinging cells”, or cnidocytes. • 8. Cnidocytes contain a capsule that has a “stinging structure “ called a nematocyst. It is released due to chemical or tactile stimulus. They are only used once, then replaced. They are found along the tentacles. • 9. Jellyfish (Scyphozoa) are suspension feeders. Mucus under the umbrella traps plankton, arms stuff prey into mouth, 2 way digestive system • 10. Jellyfish (Scyphozoa) have primitive nervous systems (nerve net). • 11. Jellyfish (Scyphozoa) have 2 separate sexes. Fertilize externally. Sperm and eggs are released into the water. • 12. Sea Anemones, and Corals (Anthozoa) have a hollow body tube.

  8. Cnidaria • 18. Corals live in colonies. These colonies secrete skeletons. • 19. Coral skeletons are made of calcium carbonate. Some are hard, and some are soft and flexible. • 20. A Coral reef is built by millions of Coral polyps. The Coral extract Calcium Carbonate from the sea water and deposit it as a hard skeleton. • 21. Coral Reefs are usually found in warm, sunlit, clear tropical waters. • 22. Soft Corals have a fleshy mass of tissue that connect all of the soft polyps together in a colony. The soft, flexible skeleton is secreted by tissue cells. • 23. Corals carry out a mutualistic relationship with zooxanthellae (microscopic organisms). These make food for the Coral by photosynthesis, they in return get to absorb the coral wastes (CO2, N, P). Without the zooxanthellae the Coral polyp could not absorb CO2 from the water to make limestone or calcium carbonate.

  9. Cnidaria • 13. Sea Anemones and Coral (Anthozoa) are sessile. Live attached to hard substrate. • 14. Sea Anemones and Coral (Anthozoa) have stinging tentacles that sting and trap food (mostly plankton). The tentacle are covered by cnidocytes. • 15. They reproduce asexually: • a. regeneration (like Echinodermata) • b. budding (like Porifera) • 16. Some Sea Anemones have symbiotic relationships with other organisms: Clownfish and shrimp. • 17. Some Sea Anemones are burrowing. They can dig into and under the sand to escape predators.

  10. Biologically Immortal

  11. WORM PHYLA 1. PLATYHELMINTHES 2. NEMATODA 3. ANNELIDA

  12. PLATYHELMINTHES “flat worms” planaria, tapeworm, fluke bilateral symmetry

  13. Platyhelmithes • Most primitive organism with a Central Nervous System

  14. NEMATODA “round worm” hookworm, heartworm bilateral symmetry

  15. Roundworms (Nematoda) • They are EVERYWHERE! Land and Water • Many are parasites, and nearly every chordate can be parasitized by some species of roundworm • Absolutely disgusting. Just google “roundworms” and you will see what I mean. Hear is a taste…

  16. Possible digestive tract of an infected fish

  17. ANNELIDA “segmented worms” clamworm, bloodworm, leech bilateral symmetry

  18. Annelida • Most evolutionarily advanced • Each segment of the annelid has its own circulatory, excretory, nervous, muscular, and reproductive system • The class Polychaeta is the largest and most diverse class of annelids • Some are “Christmas Tree Worms”, which live in calcareous tubes and have bristle-like projections

  19. ARTHROPODA “jointed legs” lobster, crab, barnacle bilateral symmetry

  20. Athropods • THE MOST SUCCESSFUL PHYLUM OF ANIMAL ON EARTH! • More than a million species are known • Krill, an arthropod, has the greatest biomass of any species on Earth • 3 important physical features: Exoskeleton, Striated muscle, Articulation

  21. Arthropods • Exoskeleton: strong, lightweight, form-fitting, for protection and support. Made of a tough, nitrogen-rich carbohydrate called Chitin. This is sometimes strengthened by CaCO3 • Articulation: the ability to bend its appendages at specific points (joints=arthro)

  22. Arthropods • Molting: how an arthropod grows WATCH • Giant Spider Crab Molting Super Speed • The class Crustacea includes 30,000 species, mostly marine, gill-breathing lobsters, crabs, crayfish, shrimp, water fleas, copepods, krill, barnacles, etc. • 70% OF ALL ZOOPLANKTON are copepods, which graze in dinoflagellates and diatoms • The largest Crustacean is the Japanese Giant Spider Crab. It can grow to a leg span of 13 feet, ~40 lbs, and can live for 100 years max. They are found in the deep waters off the coast of, well, Japan.

  23. MOLLUSCA snail, octopus, clam bilateral symmetry

  24. Mullusca • 3 Important Classes: Gastropoda which means stomach-foot, aka the snails, Bivalva which means two doors, aka the bivalves like clams, oysters, and mussels, and Cephalopoda which means head-foot, aka nautiluses, octopuses, cuttlefish, and squid. • I’m going to go in detail with pictures because they are important.

  25. GASTROPODA Snail Nudibranches

  26. Bivalvia

  27. Cephalopoda

  28. ECHINODERMATA “spiny skin” sea star, sea urchin, sand dollar radial symmetry

  29. Echinodermata • 4 Fameous Classes: Asteriodea- sea stars, Ophiuroidea- brittle stars, Echinoidea-sea urchins and sand dollars, and Holothuroidea- sea cucumbers • Asteriodea have the all important Water Vascular System (see picture) • Echinoderms can regenerate missing limbs, arms, spines - even intestines (for example sea cucumbers). Some brittle stars and sea stars can reproduce asexually by breaking a ray or arm or by deliberately splitting the body in half. Each half then becomes a whole new animal.

  30. That weird 3-toothed thing in the middle is the aristotle’s lantern, which grinds to help the urchin eat stuff like Kelp

  31. CORDATES vertebrates fish,birds,mammals,reptiles bilateral symmetry

  32. Chordata (Marine Division) • Since I already presented on Cetaceans, the chordate mammals of the sea, this will be about the non-mammalian stuff • All are ectotherms (cold blooded) • Super diverse, from simple to highly evoloved • 3 Fish Classes: Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, and Osteichthyes

  33. Agnatha • Hagfish and Lampreys- the weird, disgusting odd balls of the fishes • a=lacking, gnathos=jaw: they lack jaws • Hagfish’s defense is excreting tons of slime. They are carnivores too. • Lampreys have freakish teeth and suck the blood of fish and humans that swim in infested waters.

  34. Chondrichthyes • Cartilaginous fish such as sharks, rays, skates, and chimaeras. • Have been around for at least 280,000,000 years • What do they have in common? • Cartilage= a flexible and resiliant connective tissue that contains no blood vessels

  35. Chondrichthyes • Sharks- 2nd largest living vertabretes • No swim bladder, so they must move to stay buoyant • Predators • Skin=dermal dentricles, tooth like scales on the skin for aerodynamics • Only 20% of sharks are longer than 6 feet • The largest shark is the whale shark, which lives in warm water and is a filter feeder. It can reach 60 ft and 90,000 lbs • Rays and Skates- Flattened apperance with spreading pectoral fins in the shape of a triangle • No swim bladder • Rays and skates have very smooth skin • One family of rays has the famous barb on its tail, another family can reach 22 feet across • This of course is the Manta Ray, which can reach nearly 2 tons! • Large rays feed on plankton • Small rays feed on small mollusks and arthropods

  36. Chimaera

  37. Osteichthyes • Osteum=bone, ichthyes=fish, so these are BONY FISH • The most numerous fish • Fish have problems though: Seawater is dense and takes water out of the fishes body through osmosis • Every fish has come up with a method to cope with the difficulties. • The largest order of fish under class Osteichthyes is Teleostei, which contains 90% of all bony fish, including cod, tuna, perch, etc.

  38. Teleostei • Largest class • Contains all fish with swim bladders to keep neutrally buoyant and independantly movable fins for well controlled swimming and communication. • Some 77 million tons of bony fish are taken form the sea each year

  39. Breathing

  40. Osmoregulation

  41. Lateral Line System

  42. Lateral Line System • Canals formed in the shape of a line running down the fish • Rich with nerves under the surface • Reports to the nervous system changes in: direction, water pressure, and environment • Predatory sharks use this along with the Ampullae of Lorenzini to detect prey • The Ampullae of Lorenzini are special sensing organs called electroreceptors, forming a network of jelly-filled pores. This is some times called the sharks 6th sense.

  43. Ampullae of Lorenzini

  44. Phylums That Are Not As Important • Placozoa- Amoeba-like Multi cellular animals • Mesozoa-Worm-like parisites of cephalopods • Ctenophora- comb jellies, round and gelatinous predatory things • Nemertea-Ribbon worms • Gnathostomulida-microscopic, ciliated things that live in the sand • Rotifera-Roterifers: largely freshwater zooplankton

  45. Phylums That Are Not As Important • Kinoryncha-small segmented spiny wormlike things, all live in the sea in the sand • Acanthocephala-spiny headed worms, all parasites • Entoprocta-polyp-like benthic suspension feeders • Bryozoa-encrusting marine things, common • Phorida- shallow water tube worms • Brachiopoda- type of bivalve, look like clams, rare • Hemichordata-Acorn worms, unsegmented burrowers

  46. Phylums That Are Not As Important • Priapulida-rare subtidal worm things • Sipuncula- peanut worms, all marine • Echiura- spoon worms • Tardigrada- “water bears”, waaaaay more hardcore than cockroaches. Can survive outer space • Pentastoma-Tongue Worms, parasites of vertebrates • Pogonophora- Beard worms, no digestive system, deep water tube worms, all marine • Chaetognatha- arrowworms, stiff-bodied plankton

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