Unit 3- The Civil War Era

1. Unit 3- The Civil War Era 1850-1880 (Student composed information)

2. Tension: North v. South • South isolated because of • Support of slavery • Exclusion from the industrial boom in North • Writers responded to issues of slavery, regional conflict, and eventually the Civil War • Romanticism  Realism

3. Important United States Events 1850- Compromise strengthens Fugitive Slave Act 1857- Dred Scott decision makes slavery legal in all territories 1860- 1861- Pony expresses runs from Missouri to California

4. Important United States Events Cont. 1860- Abraham Lincoln wins election 1861- Jefferson Davis becomes the Confederate president 1861- Confederate forces fire on Fort Sumter, SC, starting the Civil War 1863- Emancipation Proclamation declares freedom for enslaved persons in the Confederate states

5. Important United States Events Cont. 1864- Lincoln reelected president 1865- Lincoln assassinated by John Wilkes Booth 1865- Civil War ends 1866- Ku Klux Klan organizes in Tenessee

6. By the Numbers Open your books to pages 332-333 Analyze the charts, graphs, and pictures given What would you say stands out the most? What do you think is most shocking?

7. Historical, Social, and Cultural Forces • Information on the slides to follow

8. Antislavery Movement Most Northerners opposed the Fugitive Slave Act, and most free-state legislatures passed laws in an attempted to block it The Underground Railroad a secret network that aided enslaved fugitives escaping to the North, became more active than ever

9. Secession Abraham Lincoln was not an outright abolitionist; he simply believed that slavery should be excluded from the new territories Southern states, anticipating the abolition of slavery, felt that they had no choice, but to leave the union In Lincoln’s inaugural address, he pleaded for the North and South to avoid bloodshed and violence His plea was not heeded, and on April 12, 1861, confederate troops attacked Fort Sumter in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. The civil War begun

10. War As the war continued, the union grew stronger while confederate losses weakened the South General Ulysses s. Grant finally began to attack Southern resources as well as confederate forces Thirteenth Amendment became law in the December, officially ending slavery in the nation

11. Reconstruction Congress passed the Civil Rights Act in 1866 and then the Fourteenth Amendment- redefining citizenship to include African American and requiring their equal protection under the law- but the nation did little to help those who had been freed

12. Big Idea 1: Resistance to Slavery “There is no negro problem. The problem is whether the American people have loyalty enough, honor enough, patriotism enough, to live up to their own constitution.” -Frederick Douglass Kassy Perez Roberto Ramirez

13. The Realities of Slavery Southern States: Southern plantations owners purchased Africans to work in fields. Laws made slaves property for life. It was illegal to teach slaves to read or write. -They feared that knowledge would bring revolt. Captured fugitives would be whipped or even killed. Northern States: Slavery was legal but had different conditions. Slaves could work in industrial trades. Some states allowed them to get married and own property. They could be punished, but an owner who killed a slave would be charged with murder. Religious groups had always opposed slavery and many Northerners came to believe it was wrong.

14. Strength in Religious Enslaved Africans combined traditional African music with Christian hymns to create Spirituals, or songs of salvation and religious beliefs. -Many songs had dual meanings, expressing both religious faith and hunger for freedom. Example: The first line of “Follow the Drinking Gourd” - “When the sun comes back and first quail calls” - Refers to late winter.

15. Frederick Douglass Born on Maryland plantation and separated from mother after birth. Taught himself how to read and write. After his escape at age 20, he spoke at an antislavery meeting which launched his career as an orator and influential member of abolitionist movement. In 1845, he wrote “Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave”. Slave Narratives Became popular decades before the civil war. Writers William Wells Brown, Solomon Northup, and Sojourner Truth sold ten thousands of copies of their life stories. Through narratives, slaves could be seen as people rather than property.

16. Excerpt “The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro” Kassie and Roberto will give you these notes tomorrow Leave at least four-five lines for the information

17. Big Idea 2: A Nation Divided By Carina and Chase

18. Revolution or Treason Abraham Lincoln was elected into Congress in 1846 Goal was to abolish slavery In 1858 he gave the House Divided speech, “a house divided against itself cannot stand” The U.S. entered the Civil War shortly after Abraham Lincoln was elected as President in 1860.

19. Mary Chesnut’s World She grew up in a large South Carolina plantation Family owned hundreds of slaves. She despised slavery. Her father and husband pro-slavery senators She documented the brutal events of the war. Her story told of her own fears and reactions.

20. Lincoln’s Vision and Words He used slavery as a campaign advantage. He started with the Emancipation Proclamation was an announcement made by President Lincoln on September 22, 1862, emancipating all slaves in states still engagedin the rebellion against the Union. His goal was to free all slaves by January 1st, 1863. The Gettysburg Address was Abraham Lincoln’s most famous speech to deliver a new vision for the U.S.

21. The 2nd Inaugural Address March 4, 1865 A belief that God could bring all nations together; to give the people of the United States power to achieve and cherish long lasting peace, amongst ourselves.

22. Big Idea #3A Poetic Revolution Jennifer Stafford and Alexis Hillengas

23. Whitman’s World • Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson explored emotions through poetry • Created two diverse inspirations • Used experiences as reporter, teacher, laborer and Civil War nurse to create poetry • Style written in free verse • Irregular rhythms of speech • Inspired by Emerson’s vision, seeing himself as a poet

24. Whitman on the War • Work reflected his sympathies of struggles of the Union • Cared for both Union and Confederate soldiers in War hospitals • Saw President Lincoln as a hero • After assassination, he felt emotional grief • Embraces a theme of renewal

25. Dickinson’s Introspection • Emily observed life from her bedroom window • Whitman was a man of openness and an explorer of the world • She composed poetry of deep meaning • Approximately 1,775 poems • Whitman puts the reader in his place • Dickinson’s themes were moments and feelings • Described as an expert miniaturist • The depth of expression she put into constructing the poem

26. “Calvary Crossing a Ford” -Whitman • Two opposite sides meeting at a river, preparing for a war • Arms, in this case, meaning armor or their weapons • Opposing sides could possibly be Americans and Indians • Describes some as browns

27. “The Lightning Is A Yellow Fork”- Dickinson • Lightning is a fork being dropped • Mansions are like the heavens • Never to be seen and never to be closed • Apparatus of the darkness is like Hell • Ignorance meaning lies and sins

28. Civil War During the civil war, writers shifted from romanticism to realism Frederick Douglas infuriated southern planters. The north and the south's insistence on states resulted in a bloody conflict Many lives ended and shattered Walt Whitman said that the United States is “the greatest poem” Emily Dickinson was recognized as one of the greatest American poets