Unit 1: The Civil War

1. Unit 1: The Civil War U.S. History II

2. Important Terms • Abolitionist - Individuals who wanted to put an end to slavery. • Secession - To withdraw from a government and to form an alternative government.

3. Popular Sovereignty - Argument used to allow people in the territories to decide whether to be a free state or slave state. • Chattel - A term for property that was applied to slaves, who were not considered human beings.

4. Conscription - Process for selecting men for military service. • Blockade - A war measure that isolates some area of importance to the enemy. (Waterway)

5. Total War - War strategy attacking the enemy’s economic resources. • War of Attrition - War strategy of wearing down the enemy through constant attacks forcing them to lose valuable resources.

6. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 • The United States was split between the “Slavery Issue.” *11 free states and 11 slave states. • Missouri is admitted into the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state… (12 to 12). • Congress issues the Compromise, which established the 36° 30’ latitude from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains as the boundary between slave and free territory.

7. Compromise of 1850 • The question of slavery and its effect on the nation was still in question by 1850… • New territories and state admissions put Congress in a tough spot deciding on which will be free and slave. • California becomes a free state, while other territories are given popular sovereignty to decide.

8. Fugitive Slave Law • The Compromise of 1850 also created a stronger Fugitive Slave Law. • This law made it a crime to assist runaway slaves and also compelled state and local officials to capture and return runaway slaves.

9. - The South feels the North is not helping to return their “property.” The North feels slave catchers may capture free African Americans and return them to slavery.

10. Slavery and the Underground Railroad

11. Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Written in 1852 by Harriet Beecher Stowe. • It was an anti-slavery novel, which depicted the horrors of slavery. It had a profound effect on attitudes toward African Americans, especially for those in the North.

12. Kansas Nebraska Act 1854 • Repealed the Missouri Compromise • “Popular Sovereignty” – Stephen Douglas (Illinois) – Settlers in a territory decide for themselves to be free or slave. - “Bleeding Kansas” – Settlers rush in to claim land and control the slavery issue. Violence broke out and in 1855 two separate constitutions are set up in Kansas.

13. The Caning of Charles Sumner by Preston Brooks, 1856

14. Dred Scott • Former slave sued in court for his freedom; Supreme Court rules that slaves are not citizens and cannot sue in court and that the Missouri Compromise is unconstitutional -- Congress had no power to prohibit slavery (property) anywhere! ABOLITIONISTS in the North are outraged.

15. Southerners fear slave rebellions (Nat Turner, 1831)

16. John Brown’s Raid • Brown, a fanatical abolitionist, tries to start a slave rebellion in the South by arming slaves with weapons seized at the federal armory at Harper's Ferry, VA. Brown is arrested by Col. Robert E. Lee, is tried and executed for treason.

17. Election of 1860 • Whigs – John Bell (Tenn.) – Constitutional Union Party. • Democrats: a. John C. Breckinridge (Ky.) – Extend slavery into the territories. b. Stephan A. Douglas (Ill.) – Popular Sovereignty. • Republican – Abraham Lincoln (Ill.) – Opposed slavery expansion into the West.

18. RESULTS:Lincoln - 40% (180 electoral votes) Douglas - 29% (12 electoral votes) Breckinridge - 18% (72 electoral votes)Bell - 13% (39 electoral votes) Election of 1860

19. Secession and Military Capabilities

20. Secession Define - To withdraw from a government and to form an alternative government. Typically there is a strong issue difference that drives the withdrawal.

21. Reasons for Secession? • The South claimed that the Northern government was turning the South into a Agricultural Colony. • The Election of 1860 – A President is elected without winning a single southern state • Abolition of Slavery by the North will destroy the South's economy

22. Seven Fall • Days after the 1860 election - South Carolina legislature called a convention to consider secession. • Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas soon pass their own acts of secession.

23. New Nation? • 1861 Delegates meet and draft the Constitution of the Confederate States of America. • Resembled the original U.S. Constitution… - Two Key Exceptions… • Jefferson Davis becomes Confederate President.

24. What was Buchanan Doing? James Buchanan announced that NO state had the right to secede but also agreed that the federal government had no power to hold a state in the Union against its will.

25. Fort Sumter, S. Carolina • Fort CommanderMajor Robert Andersontells Washington he needs supplies. - Lincoln decides to supply the fort. • April 12, 1861 –General P.G.T. Beauregardleads a Confederate Attack on the Fort.

26. Significance – Opening engagement of the Civil War Outcomes • Lincoln gets the Confederates to fire the first shot • Lincoln calls for 75,000 militiamen to put down the uprising – Had to enlist for 3 months • 4 more states secede

27. Choosing Sides • 4 More States Secede…Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina. • 4 Other Slave States stay loyal to the Union…Delaware, Missouri, Kentucky, and Maryland. • West Virginia?

28. Quiz Review Union, Confederate, or Border State Confederate Border State

29. Union Confederate

30. Border State Union

31. Confederate Border State

32. Confederate Union

33. War AdvantagesNorth and South (24 States) Northern Advantages • Population • Transportation • Railroads • Navy • Merchant Ships • Mineral Deposits • Industrial Production • Banking, Business, & Finance • Available Farmland

34. Population North = 22 Million vs. South = 9 Million, 4 million of whom were black slaves Larger population provided a steady source of military and civilian manpower, and was important in a War of Attrition. • Two Notes to Ponder… • North had a larger army but lacked the experience needed to fight a war – Needed to be trained • Prisoner exchanges were not common because Southern troops were needed more than Union troops

35. Mineral Deposits • Two main minerals – Coal and Iron - Coal – Used for Power - Iron – Used for Strength These minerals were essential for the Industrial North • Other minerals – Copper, Gold, Silver, and Lead

36. Transportation • Railroads–North had about 22,000 miles worth compared to 9,000 miles in the South - Easy Transportation of Troops, Supplies, and Communication • Navy–The Blockade of the Southern Coastline • Merchant Ships–North could still trade with other countries.

37. Industrial Production • The North had 92% of all Factories - Mass production of Weapons - Women and Immigrants worked the factories during the war • The South was dependent on Slavery - Blockade prevented trade

38. Available Farm Land • The North had Double the Food Supply - Main Crops – Wheat, Corn, and Oats • The South produced Cash Crops - Main Crops – Cotton and Tobacco

39. Banking, Business, & Finance • The North had the Wealth to finance a war. • Most of the Banks, Wall Street, Big Business, and Investors were found in the North. • South had their wealth within two bodies Slaves and Land

40. (11 States)Southern Advantages • Defensive War Strategy • Excellent Officers • More Familiar With Outdoor Life • “King Cotton” • Fighting for a Clear Goal

41. Defensive War Strategy • The South had to Defend her Land. - Geography favored and hurt the South – Union troops would have to cross rivers and different kinds of terrain to meet the enemy. • It is very difficult to conquer an area. • The South just needed to outlast the North.

42. Excellent Officers • The majority of the best military leaders were born in the South P.G.T. Beauregard, Robert E. Lee, “Stonewall” Jackson, J.E.B. Stuart, Longstreet

43. Familiar With Outdoor Life • Southern Boys had hunted with rifles from an early age • Better Horsemen – Cavalry • They were fighting on their own soil – Very familiar with the land • Motivated to keep their homeland safe

44. “King Cotton” • The South had a belief that the British need for cotton would force them to recognize the Confederacy and enter the War. • The hope for European Aid do to the export of Cotton.

45. Fighting For A Clear Goal • Protecting their homes and families from an Invasion force. • Fighting for Independence like George Washington and the Founding Fathers • Protecting State Rights • The North wanted to Preserve the Union –Whatever that means…

46. War Strategies North Three-Point Plan – Anaconda Plan • Capture Richmond • Gain control of the Mississippi River • Institute a Naval Blockade of the South • South • Capture Washington, D.C. – Invade Northward • Defensive Strategy • Break Naval Blockade • Win European Aid Southern Strategic Map

47. Anaconda Plan – (North) • Created by General Winfield Scott • Two Key Points of the Plan • Blockade the Southern coast to prevent the export of cotton, tobacco, and other cash crops from the South and to keep them from importing much- needed war supplies. • Divide the South by controlling the Mississippi River to cut off the southeastern states from the west. “Envelopment” not Invasion

49. Work Cited • http://www.tulane.edu/~sumter/images/SouthCarolinaSecedes.gif • http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/Jefferson_Davis/South_Carolina_Secedes.jpg • http://www.soldierstudies.org/images/webquest/civil%20war%20soldiers.jpg • http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/academic/history/marshall/military/civil_war_usa/CSA.documents/secede.gif • http://www.magicalcat.com/images-sec/hap00057.jpg • http://www.blog4history.com/images/secc_soup.jpg • http://www.worldbook.com/wb/images/content_spotlight/civil_war/slaverymap.gif • http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=73715&rendTypeId=4 • http://johnhuntmorgan.scv.org/images/davis.jpg • http://www.visitingdc.com/images/james-buchanan-picture.jpg • www.assumption.edu/.../Buchanan_bewildered.gif • homepage.floodcity.net/users/mastdog/sc.jpg • http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/images/at0042b.1s.jpg • http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=4507&rendTypeId=4 • http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=4505&rendTypeId=4 • http://americancivilwar.com/pictures/Davis_and_Cabinet.jpg • http://www.wvra.org/maps/va1861.gif • http://www.d16acbl.org/img/texas2.gif • http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/images/usa/massachusetts.jpg • http://www.drug-rehabs.org/images/Alabama.gif • http://www.iloveinns.com/images/regionmap/maryland.gif • http://www.iloveinns.com/images/regionmap/tennessee.gif • http://www.iloveinns.com/images/regionmap/kentucky.gif • http://www.iloveinns.com/images/regionmap/virginia.gif • http://www.iloveinns.com/images/regionmap/ohio.gif • http://cache.viewimages.com/xc/3309803.jpg?v=1&c=ViewImages&k=2&d=BAA3E61C514E7EC642149FA7C38ABD03A55A1E4F32AD3138 • http://armsbid.com/ks7pix/7tl-087.jpg • http://www.gutenberg.org/files/17374/17374-h/images/image_022.jpg • http://www.worldflags101.com/other-flags/confederate-flag.aspx • http://www.jacksonholewy.com/jhblog/archives/hiking.JPG • http://imagecache2.allposters.com/images/pic/DIR/7579~Horseman-I-Posters.jpg • http://www.pecorfamily.com/Blog_202006_2D10_2D20_20Cahas.jpg • http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/eh/12.1/images/stewart_fig04b.jpg • http://www.clemson.edu/agcom/dale/aged480/jennifer/ricketts.jpg • http://www.historyplace.com/civilwar/cwar-pix/ant-cornfield.jpg