Islam

1. Islam Section 2 Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

2. Crash Course: I really could have done this • Islam, the Quran, and the Five Pillars All Without a Flamewar: Crash Course World History #13 - YouTube

3. Page 262-274 Death of Muhammad, ca. 632 C.E. • Muhammad had not named a successor or instructed his followers how to choose one. • Relying on ancient tribal custom, the Muslim community elected Abu-Bakr as the new leader and Muhammad’s first successor. He had been a loyal friend of Muhammad, accompanied him on the Hejirah, and a man respected for his devotion to Islam. Under Abu-Bakr, the collection of Mohammad's revelations were recorded in the Qur’an. Illuminated Qur'an PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

4. Page 262-274 • In 632, Abu-Bakr became the first caliph(KAY•lihf), a title that means “successor” or “deputy.” PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

5. Page 262-274 “Rightly Guided” Caliphs 1. What did the “rightly guided” caliphs use as guides to leadership? The Qur’an and Muhammad’s actions in life. • Abu-Bakr and the next three elected caliphs—Umar, Uthman, and Ali—all had known Muhammad and supported his mission. • They used the Qur’an and Muhammad’s actions as guides to leadership. • For this, they are known as the “rightly guided” caliphs. • The region ruled by a caliph was called a caliphate. What is the meaning of the word “caliph?” Caliph means “successor” PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

6. Rightly Guided” Caliphs • Abu-Bakr had promised the Muslim community he would uphold what Muhammad stood for. • For two years, Abu-Bakr used military force to reassert the authority of Muhammad’s successors in the Muslim community. • By the time Abu-Bakr died in 634, the Muslim state controlled all of Arabia. Abu-Bakar PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

7. Expansion of Islam

8. Rightly Guided” Caliphs • Under Umar, the second caliph, swift and highly disciplined armies conquered Syria and lower Egypt, which were part of the Byzantine Empire. • The next two caliphs, Uthman and Ali, continued to expand Muslim territory both eastward and westward. • By 750, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indus River, the Muslim Empire stretched 6,000 miles—about two times the distance across the continental United States. • In only 10 years after Muhammad's death, his followers had created an empire PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

9. Page 262-274 Rightly Guided” Caliphs 2. What changes did they make during their rule? They mobilized highly-disciplined armies that conquered Arabia, parts of the Byzantine Empire, and Persia. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

10. Page 262-274 Rightly Guided” Caliphs • 3. Why were they successful in their quest to expand the empire and • spread Islam? • Muslims were willing to fight to extend and defend Islam. • Armies were well-disciplined and expertly commanded. • The Byzantine and Persian empires were weak at this time. • People who had suffered religious persecution welcomed the • more tolerant Islamic empire. Persecutions in Persia of those who did not practice official Zoroastrianism, as well as persecution in the Byzantine empire of those who did not practice official Christianity, was widespread at this time. The persecuted often referred to the Islamic invaders as “liberators.” PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

11. Page 262-274 Treatment of Conquered Peoples • Many conquered peoples chose to accept Islam. • They were attracted by the appeal of the message of Islam, as well as by the economic benefit for Muslims of not having to pay a poll tax. • Christians and Jews, as “people of the book,” were allowed to practice their faiths freely and even received special consideration. • Christians and Jews played important roles as officials, scholars, and bureaucrats in the Muslim state. • In practice, tolerance like this was extended to other groups as well. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

12. Tensions arises with the 1st Caliph..Who? Abu Bakr Some felt the new leader should believed that Ali, Muhammad's cousin should be new leader. Ali would be overlooked 2 times as new leader The 3rd time Ali would lose out to Uthman. Uthman was supported by the Umayyad clan Internal Conflict Creates a Crisis Page 262-274 Umayyad Mosque PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

13. Who are they? A Clan that reluctantly converted to Islam They were previously enemies of Muhammad Uthman was 3rd Caliph and supported by Umayyad Uthman would be killed by supporters of Ali. Umayyad Clan Page 262-274 Umayyad Mosque PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

14. Page 262-274 Internal Conflict Creates a Crisis • The murder of Uthman in 656 triggered a civil war, with various groups struggling for power. • A family known as the Umayyad (oo•MYE•yadz) came to power. • They set up a hereditary system of succession. The Umayyads Umayyad Mosque 4. What ended the elective system of choosing a caliph? When the Umayyads came to power after a bloody civil war, they set up a hereditary system of succession. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

15. Page 262-274 The Umayyads 5. What other changes did they make during their rule? They moved the capital to Damascus. They abandoned the simple life of previous caliphs, and began surrounding themselves with wealth and ceremonies. Adopted Arabic as the official Muslim language Started work on the Dome of the Rock When you look at the expanse of the lands conquered by the Umayyad, what logistical reason might they have had for relocating the capital to Damascus? PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

16. Sunni–Shi’a Split • In the interest of peace, the majority of Muslims accepted the Umayyads’ rule. • A minority did continue to resist, and around some of these groups an alternate view of the office of caliph developed. • In this view, the caliph—the person most responsible for spreading Muhammad’s message—needed to be a relative of the Prophet.

17. Sunni–Shi’a Split • This group was called Shi’a, meaning the “party” of Ali. • Those who did not outwardly resist the rule of the Umayyad’s later became known as Sunni, meaning followers of Muhammad’s example. • The 2 would met in a small battle in Iraq. Husayn (Shi’a leader) would be shot in the heart. • This would be called the martyr of Husayn and the split would remain bitter to this day. • This split would lead to the downfall of the Umayyad

18. The Sunni & Shia Split

19. Page 262-274 The Umayyads 6. What led to the downfall of the Umayyads? The division of Islam into Sunni, Shi’a, and Sufi branches. The Sunni and Shi’a had different ideas about leadership; and the Sufi practiced lives of extreme poverty and religious devotion. • The 3 Different Branches or Sects Within Islam • Sunni– choose their caliph by election. • Approx. 80% Muslims are Sunni. • Shi’a – believe the caliph must be • a relative of Muhammad. • Approx. 17% Muslims are Shi’a. • Sufi – abandon material possessions, • live simple “monastic” life Umayyad mosque, Damascus. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

20. Page 262-274 The Abbasids • Vigorous religious and political opposition to the Umayyad caliphate led to its downfall. • Especially troubling to Muslims was the Umayyad obsession with material wealth. • Muslims were upset with Abbasids because they did not rule with the idea of Muslim Equality • Rebel groups overthrew the Umayyads in the year 750. • The most powerful of those groups, the Abbasids(AB•uh•SIHDZ), took control of the empire. 7. How did the Abbasids come to power? They were the most powerful of the rebel groups that overthrew the Umayyads. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

21. The Abbasids The Abbasids’ strength lay in the former Persian lands – including Iraq, Iran, and central Asia. 8. What changes did they make during their rule? They moved the capital to Baghdad, developed a strong government bureaucracy, created an efficient tax system, and a strong trade network. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

22. Abbasids Change a Culture Invited all people in the community to join their universal religion This attracted people of many cultures Islam spreads via trade to West Africa and SE Asia Caliph Harun al-Rashid brings Muslin culture to it heights via support of scholarship and achievements in Islamic arts and sciences Page 262-274

25. Page 262-274 Abbasids Consolidate Power • A chancery prepared letters and documents. • A special department managed the business of the army. • Diplomats from the empire were sent to courts in Europe (for example, Charlemagne’s court), Africa, and Asia to conduct imperial business. • To support this bureaucracy, the Abbasids taxed land, imports, and exports, and non-Muslims’ wealth.

26. Page 262-274 The Abbasids 9. What major problem did the Abbasids face? They were unable to complete solid political control over such an immense empire. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

27. Set up dynasty that ruled until 750 Moved capital to Damascus Conquered lands from Atlantic to the Indus Valley Relied on local officials to govern the empire, while the Umayyads themselves lived in great luxury. Faced economic tensions between wealthy and poor Arabs Split in Islam occurs during their reign – between Sunni, Shi’a, Sufi. Overthrew the Umayyads in 750 Moved capital to Baghdad Ended Arab dominance and helped make Islam a universal religion Empire of the caliphs reached its greatest wealth and power through strong trade network. Muslim civilization enjoyed a Golden Age Difficulty controlling vast empire. 2 The Umayyads and the Abbassids These powerful caliphates ruled the Islamic world, expanded the Arab empire, and brought about a golden age in Muslim civilization. UMAYYADS ABBASSIDS PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

28. Page 262-274 Rival Groups Divide Muslim Lands • The Abbasid caliphate lasted from 750 to 1258. • The Fatimid(FAT•uh•MIHD) Dynasty, named afterMuhammad’s daughter Fatima, ruled in North Africa and spread across the Red Sea to western Arabia and Syria. • Controlling the Mediterranean and Red Seas disrupted Abbasids trade. • Fatimid would become more powerful and richer than the Abbasids. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

29. End of Unity Independent states break away from caliphate Christians want to make the land called “The Holy Land” Christian (Jerusalem falls) Christian armies begin to drive Muslims out of territories Mongols (enslaved soldiers) took over Egypt and Syria Then took of Baghdad and killed the Abbasid caliph Muslim society remained distinct even after the fall of the Abbasid because it affected all aspects of daily life Page 262-274

30. Page 262-274 Muslim Trade Network • The two major sea-trading zones—those of the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean—linked the Muslim Empire into a world system of trade by sea. • The land network connected the Silk Roads of China and India with Europe and Africa. • Muslim merchants needed only a single language, Arabic, and a single currency, the Abbasid dinar, to travel from Córdoba, in Spain, to Baghdad and on to China. • Merchants use coins and credit to buyers over long distances PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

31. Page 262-274 Muslim Trade Network • The economy of the Muslim Community depended mainly on commerce. • To encourage the flow of trade, Muslim moneychangers set up banks in cities throughout the empire. • Banks offered letters of credit, called sakks, to merchants. • A merchant with a sakkfrom a bank in Baghdad could exchange it for cash at a bank in any other major city in the empire. • In Europe, the word sakkwas pronounced, “check.” Thus, the practice of using checks dates back to the Muslim Empire. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

32. Page 262-274 • 1. Muslim society • There were Four social classes: • Those who were • Muslim by birth • Converts to Islam of other religions • (the protected “people of the book”) • _____________________________ PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

33. Page 262-274 • 1. Muslim society • There were Four social classes: • Those who were • Muslim by birth • Converts to Islam of other religions (the protected “people of the book”) • Slaves • ______________________________ • Most came from Non Muslim Religions • Those purchased by wealthy would become educated and privileged member of society • Qur’an did not condemn slavery BUT said slaves MUST be treated fairly. • Freeing of slaves is considered to be a religious act • Slaves were a big part of trade via merchants PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

34. Page 262-274 • 1. Muslim society • There were Four social classes: • Those who were • Muslim by birth • Converts to Islam of other religions (the protected “people of the book”) • Slaves • ______________________________ • Muslim women - at this particular time actually had • more rights than women living in Medieval Europe. • Men could have several wives, But MUST treat them equally. • Qur’an said women are equal before god AKA Allah • Women could inherit property and seek divorce • Some women went to battle • Women lost status in the Abbahid Dynasty • covering hair and faces became common PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

35. Razia Sultana [1205-1240] • Razia Sultana was the first female Muslim ruler of South Asia. • She was a talented, wise, just and generous woman. She was a great administrator and well-versed in governmental affairs. She was not only a good leader in the battlefield but herself was also an excellent fighter. The capable son of King Iltutmush died during his own life, and the rest of his sons were incompetent to govern, so Iltutmush nominated his daughter, Razia Sultana, as his successor on the throne of Delhi India.

36. Page 262-274 • 2. Medicine, math, and science • Arabic numerals, the importance of zero (10 digits) 0-9 (originated in India) • Developed algebra, trigonometry in astronomy Al-Kwarazini(Mohammad bin Musa Al-Khawarizmi) was perhaps one of the greatest mathematicians who ever lived. He was the founder of several branches of mathematics. He not only initiated the subject of algebra in a systematic form but he also developed it to the extent of giving analytical solutions of linear and quadratic equations, which established him as the founder of Algebra. The very name Algebra has been derived from his famous book Al-Jabr wa-al-Mfuqabilah. His arithmetic synthesized Greek and Hindu knowledge and contained his own contributions to mathematics and science. He explained the use of zero, a numeral of fundamental importance developed by the Arabs. Similarly, he developed the decimal system so that the overall system of numerals 'algorithm' or 'algorizm' is named after him. In addition to introducing the Indian system of numerals (now generally known as Arabic numerals), he developed at length several arithmetical procedures, including operations on fractions. It was through his work that the system of numerals was first introduced to Arabs and later to Europe, through its translations in European languages. He developed in detail trigonometrictables containing the sine functions. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

37. Page 262-274 • 2. Medicine, math, and science • Arabic numerals, the importance of zero (10 digits) • Developed algebra, trigonometry in astronomy • Charted stars, comets, and planets / constellation charts • The astrolabe The Astrolabe played a pivotal role in history. The astrolabe was highly developed in the Islamic world by 800 and was introduced to Europe from Islamic Spain (Andalusia) in the early 12th century. It was the most popular astronomical instrument until about 1650, when it was replaced by more specialized and accurate instruments. It is doubtful the European explorers could have ever launched the great Age of Discovery without this device. Astrolabes are still appreciated for their unique capabilites and their value for astronomy education. See Textbook, p. 245 PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

38. Page 262-274 • 2. Medicine, math, and science • Arabic numerals, the importance of zero (10 digits) • Developed algebra, trigonometry in astronomy • Charted stars, comets, and planets / constellation charts • The astrolabe • Wrote medical reference books – Rhazes (al-Razi) and Ibn Sina Avicenna, or Ibn Sina wrote two important works: The Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine. The first is a scientific encyclopedia covering logic, natural sciences, psychology, geometry, astronomy, arithmetic and music. The second is the most famous single book in the history of medicine. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

39. Page 262-274 • 2. Medicine, math, and science • Arabic numerals, the importance of zero (10 digits) • Developed algebra, trigonometry in astronomy • Charted stars, comets, and planets / constellation charts • The astrolabe • Wrote medical reference books • Produced a book on optics that would lay the groundwork for the • later development of the telescope and microscope AlhazenwroteThe Book of Optics (Kitab al-Manazir), probably the most thoroughly scientific in method of all medieval works.In it, Alhazen developed a broad theory that explained vision by using geometry and anatomy. He rejected the theory of Euclid and Ptolemy that vision results from a ray leaving the eye and reaching the object. Instead he postulated, correctly, that each point on a lighted area or object radiates light rays in every direction, but only one ray from each point strikes the eye perpendicularly, "and is transmitted there by the transparent body [the lens]." So profound and seminal was this explanation that it led George Sarton to call Alhazen "the greatest Muslim physicist and one the greatest students of optics of all time." Alhazen 965-1040 PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

40. Page 262-274 • 2. Medicine, math, and science • Arabic numerals, the importance of zero (10 digits) • Developed algebra, trigonometry in astronomy • Charted stars, comets, and planets / constellation charts • The astrolabe • Wrote medical reference books • Produced a book on opticsthat would lay the groundwork for the • later development of the telescope and microscope • Muslim scholars were re-introducing the Greek • (Aristotle’s) understanding of the importance of • proper scientific observation and experimentation. Why is it that so many ancient Greek texts survive only in Arabic translations? How did the Arabs, who had no direct contact with the science and learning of Classical Greece, come to be the inheritors of the classical tradition?The answer appears to be the Umayyad dynasty located in Damascus. They had an interest in things Greek, employed educated Greek- speaking civil servants extensively, and sought to preserve Greek science. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

41. Which Muslim dynasty was in power in A.D. 732 when Arab forces were defeated at the Battle of Tours by the Frankish armies of Gaul led by Charles Martel, thus halting Arab expansion in Europe? About how many years did the Abbasid dynasty last? Muslims split into two main sects – Shi’a and Sunni – after a revolt led by Hussein in what year? PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

42. Page 262-274 The House of Wisdom A Great Center of Learning During Abbasid Rule In Baghdad Abbassid Castle in Baghdad • The House of Wisdom was actually • a group of learned Arabic men – • including the great mathmetician al-Khawarizmi, the Bana Musa brothers (Mohammed Jafar ibn Musa, Ahmad ibn Musa and al-Hasan ibn Musa), and Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Ishaq al-Sabbah al-Kindi • to whom was entrusted the task of translating Greek manuscripts into Arabic. • From Greek these manuscripts would be translated to into Latin and used in English Universities PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

43. Page 262-274 • 3. Philosophy and History • Translated the works of Greek philosophers into Arabic. • Ibn Khaldun wrote a study of World History. Ibn Khaldun's chief contribution lies in philosophy of history and sociology. He wrote the first world history aimed at an analysis of historical events. No Bias This volume, commonly known as Muqaddimah or 'Prolegomena', was based on Ibn Khaldun's unique approach and became a masterpiece in literature on philosophy of history and sociology. The chief concern of this monumental work was to identify psychological, economic, environmental and social facts that contribute to the advancement of human civilization and the currents of history. He analyzed the dynamics of group relationships and showed how group-feelings, al-'Asabiyya, give rise to the ascent of a new civilization and political power and how, later on, its diffusion into a more general civilization invites the advent of a still new 'Asabiyya in its pristine form. He identified an almost rhythmic repetition of rise and fall in human civilization, and analyzed factors contributing to it. His contribution to history is marked by the fact that, unlike most earlier writers interpreting history largely in a political context, he emphasized environmental, sociological, psychological and economic factors governing the apparent events. This revolutionized the science of history and also laid the foundation of Umraniyat (Sociology). Ibn Khaldun 1332-1395 PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

44. Page 262-274 • 4. Literature and the Arts • The Qur’an – a great work of literature. • Poetry • Legendary stories such as the Arabian Nights PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

45. The Nights: The Arabian NightsThe Story of the Merchant and the GenieThe Story of the First Old Man and the HindThe Story of the Second Old Man and the Black DogsThe Story of the FishermanThe Story of the Greek KingThe Story of the Husband and the ParrotThe Story of the Vizir Who was PunishedThe Story of the Young King of the Black IslesThe Story of the Three KalandarsThe Story of the First KalandarThe Story of the Second KalandarThe Story of the Envious ManThe Story of the Third KalandarThe First Voyage of Sinbad the SailorThe Second Voyage of Sinbad the SailorThe Third Voyage of Sinbad the SailorThe Fourth Voyage of Sinbad the Sailor The Fifth Voyage of Sinbad the SailorThe Sixth Voyage of Sinbad the SailorThe Seventh and Last Voyage of Sinbad the SailorThe Little HunchbackThe Story of the Barber's Fifth BrotherThe Story of the Barber's Sixth BrotherThe Adventures of Prince CamaralzamanNoureddin and the Fair PersonAladdin and the Wonderful LampThe Caliph of BagdadThe Story of the Blind Baba-AbdallaThe Story of Sidi-NoumanThe Story of the Merchant of BaghdadThe Enchanted HorseThe Story of the Jealous Sisters Art & Literature Arabian Nights 1001 Nights...? Do you know the story? PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

46. Page 262-274 • 4. Literature and the Arts • The Qur’an – a great work of literature. • Poetry • the Arabian Nights • Arabesque art In the visual arts and architectural design, Arabesque art is a linear decoration based on plant forms. (Geometric Patterns). Arabesque motifs are complicated, intertwined, flowing designs first found in ancient Arabic art – hence the term. They are a feature of ancient Greek and Roman art, and are particularly common in Islamic art. Check out more examples PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

47. Page 262-274 • 4. Literature and the Arts • The Qur’an – a great work of literature. • Poetry • the Arabian Nights • Arabesque art There are very few figures in Islamic Art because they believed that portraying people in art would lead to worship of these images. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

48. Page 262-274 • 4. Literature and the Arts • The Qur’an – a great work of literature. • Poetry • the Arabian Nights • Arabesque art • Calligraphy The beautiful handwriting called calligraphy played an important artistic role in a culture like the Muslim society where human representation was not considered proper. Click here to see several unique styles of calligraphy. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

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