City Planning - Principles

1. University of Palestine Dept. of Architecture @ Urban PlanningIntroduction to Planning ( EAGD 3304 )Lecture 5: City PlanningDr Nihad Almughany

2. Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8 City Planning - Principles • City Planning includes development schemes for a city to ensure: • Physical Development التنمية العمرانية والمادية • Social Development التنمية الاجتماعية • Economic Development التنمية الاقتصادية

3. Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8 City Planning – A master Plan of A city • The Master Plan for a city includes the following : • Land use plan for lands within city borders: Residential, recreational, industrial, commercial, green, cemeteries,….etc • Roads and transportation • Building lines • Water and sewage • Professions • Building regulations : setbacks, density, height, services,….etc

4. Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8 City Planning – A master Plan of A city • The Master Plan for a city consists of a land use plan, other plans like water, sewage, ..etc and Regulations. • Scale of Plans : • Less than 100,000 Dunums : 1 : 5000 • More than 100,000 Dunums : 1 : 10000 • For an area with more than one city : 1 : 20000

5. Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8 Land Use plan – The Master Plan of Gaza

6. Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8 History of Urban Planning • The Dawn of Urbanization • The birth of a Village • The birth of a City • Mesopotamian Towns • Early Egyptian Towns • Greek Towns • Roman Towns • Middle Ages Towns • Renaissance Towns • Industrial Towns • Modern Towns and Cities

7. Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8 The Dawn of Urbanization • Primitive societies had a culture but had no physical civilization • Tents, Caves and Huts

8. Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8 The birth of a Village • Tribes started to gather for protection and compose villages. • Built on sites where there is a natural defensive measures

9. Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8 The birth of Towns • Increase of the size of the village and at the same time change of life style • Emergence of new professions like merchants, bankers, religious, and other urban elements. • Had a central religious and political centre • Used to be surrounded by a fence and had three authorities : Citadel ( political), Temple ( religious) , and warehouses ( economic ) • Its planning integrated with the requirements of war.

10. Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8 Mesopotamian Towns • 5000 BC , great towns of Ur (about 1000 Dunums and 24000 people , Babel, Ashor, Ninue ( Mawsel ), etc • Integrated with the rivers (rivers as transportation and a place where there is food and water ). • Houses of mud, Ziggurats temples • Hammurabi ( Babel ) issued building regulations and penalties.

11. Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8 Babel

12. Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8 Early Egyptian Towns • Social Structure : • Aristocratic : Pharaohs, Nobles, Priests • Free ( Middle Class) : Merchants, Professionals • Peasants Class • Slaves class • Central area : Temple and Palace. • Tel Alamarna : • Royal road in the middle, • City quarters are gathered around palaces, temples and public buildings • Houses of high classes lied on major roads and surrounded by gardens • Workers city is far from the original city, has small homes ( 50 m)

13. Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8 Greek Towns • Greeks built small towns appropriate for human scale • Natural borders for the town • Parts of the town were planned according to geometrical patterns and others according to defensive measures • Democracy, Buildings of poor and rich are a side, public baths. • Agora in the center and includes : • Assembly hall • Council hall • Chamber hall

14. Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8 Alexandria

15. Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8 Roman cities • Abundance of towns in invaded areas - medium towns for about 50000 inh. to keep agriculture around • Division of agricultural land into rectangular parcels. • Grid pattern for most of Roman cities التخطيط الشبكي • The city was divided into neighborhoods and quarters with their own centers • Two major and central intersected roads : • Cardo : North South • Decomanus : East West * The Forum at the intersection of the two major roads : the central public space Torino - Italy

16. Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8

17. Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8 Medieval Cities • Feudalism System • Importance of the cathedral besides the citadel and the palace • Fences around the city with gates, Citadel, mosque or cathedral or a temple inside • Another fence for the citadel

18. Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8

19. Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8

20. Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8

21. Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8 Renaissance cities • Shrinkage of Feudalism system and the authority of commerce and industry • Artistic features in cities • Public spaces ( Piazza)

22. Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8 Industrial Cities • Industry and industrial towns close to factories – facilities like schools and shops • Active movement from country to towns • Railways and rail way stations played a role in the planning of towns.

23. Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8

24. Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8 Modern Cities • As a reaction to industrial towns , there were many theories for modern and future cities started from the end of the 19th Century until the time being as shown in the following section