Chapter 28 Animal Tissues and Organ Systems (Sections 28.4 - 28.6)

1. Chapter 28Animal Tissues and Organ Systems(Sections 28.4 - 28.6)

2. 28.4 Connective Tissues • Connective tissues “connect” tissues to one another, both functionally and structurally • Different types bind, organize, support, strengthen, protect, and insulate other tissues • connective tissue • Animal tissue contain cells scattered within an extracellular matrix of their own secretions • Provides structural and functional support

3. Connective Tissues • Connective tissues are described by the types of cells that they include and the composition of their extracellular matrix • There are two types of soft connective tissues: loose and dense, which have the same components but differ in the proportions • Cartilage, bone tissue, adipose tissue, and blood are classified as specialized connective tissues

4. Soft Connective Tissues • In soft connective tissues, the most abundant cells are fibroblasts, cells that secrete complex carbohydrates and fibers of the structural proteins collagen and elastin • The most common type of connective tissue in the vertebrate body is loose connective tissue • loose connective tissue • Relatively few fibroblasts and fibers in its matrix • Holds organs and epithelia in place

5. Loose Connective Tissue • Fibroblasts and other cells scattered in a soft matrix with relatively few fibers • Common Locations: Beneath skin and most epithelia • Functions: Elasticity, diffusion

6. Loose Connective Tissue collagen fiber fibroblast elastic fiber A Loose connective tissueFibroblasts and other cells scattered in a squishy matrix with relatively few fibers Common Locations Beneath skin and most epithelia Functions Elasticity, diffusion Fig. 28.8a, p. 454

7. Soft Connective Tissues (cont.) • Dense connective tissues include dense, irregular connective tissue, and dense, regular connective tissue • dense, irregular connective tissue • Asymmetrically arranged fibers and fibroblasts • Forms deep skin layers, capsules around organs • dense, regular connective tissue • Fibroblasts in rows between parallel fibers • Tendons and ligaments

8. Dense, Irregular Connective Tissue • Fibroblasts in semisolid matrix with many loosely interwoven collagen fibers • Common Locations: In skin and in capsules around some organs • Function: Structural support

9. Dense, Irregular Connective Tissue collagen fibers B Dense, irregular connective tissue Fibroblasts in a semisolid matrix with many loosely interwoven collagen fibers Common Locations In skin and in capsules around some organs Function Structural support Fig. 28.8b, p. 454

10. Dense, Regular Connective Tissue • Fibroblasts in rows between tight parallel bundles of many collagen Fibers • Common Locations: Tendons, ligaments • Functions: Strength, elasticity

11. Dense, Regular Connective Tissue collagen fibers fibroblast C Dense, regular connective tissue Fibroblasts in rows between tight parallel bundles of many collagen fibers Common Locations Tendons, ligaments Functions Strength, elasticity Fig. 28.8c, p. 454

12. Specialized Connective Tissues • Cartilage is found in shark skeletons, human embryos (forms a model for the developing skeleton) , and in adults (in joints, between vertebrae, and in support structures) • cartilage • Cells surrounded by a rubbery matrix of collagen fibers and rubbery, compression-resistant glycoproteins • Blood vessels do not extend through cartilage

13. Cartilage • Chondrocytes and collagen fibers in a rubbery matrix • Common Locations: Nose, ends of long bones, airways, vertebrate embryo • Functions Support, protection, low-friction joint surfaces

14. Cartilage glycoprotein-rich matrix with fine collagen fibers cartilage cell (chondrocyte) D Cartilage Chondrocytes and collagen fibers in a rubbery matrix Common Locations Nose, ends of long bones, airways, skeleton of carti-laginous fish, vertebrate embryo Functions Support, protection, low-friction surface for joint movements Fig. 28.8d, p. 454

15. Specialized Connective Tissues (cont.) • Adipose tissue is the body’s main energy reservoir, cushions and protects body parts, and a layer under the skin insulates the body to keep internal temperature within an optimal range • adipose tissue • Connective tissue specializing in fat storage • Small blood vessels carry fats to and from cells

16. Adipose Tissue • Large, tightly packed fat cells with little extracellular matrix • Common Locations: Under skin, around the heart and the kidneys • Functions: Energy storage, insulation, padding

17. Adipose Tissue nucleus cell bulging with fat droplet E Adipose tissue Large, tightly packed fat cells with little extra-cellular matrix Common Locations Under skin, around the heart and the kidneys Functions Energy storage, insu-lation, padding Fig. 28.8e, p. 455

18. Specialized Connective Tissues (cont.) • Bone tissue is the main tissue of bones, which support and protect the body, and allow movement • Blood cells form in the spongy interior of some bones • bone tissue • Living cells surrounded by a mineral-hardened matrix of their own calcium-hardened secretions

19. Bone Tissue • Collagen fibers, osteocytes in chambers inside an extensive, calcium-hardened extracellular matrix • Location: All bony vertebrate skeletons • Functions: Movement, support, protection

20. Bone Tissue compact bone tissue blood vessel bone cell (osteocyte) F Bone tissue Collagen fibers, osteocytes in chambers inside an extensive, calcium-hardened extracellular matrix Location All bony vertebrate skeletons Functions Movement, support, protection Fig. 28.8f, p. 455

21. Specialized Connective Tissues (cont.) • Blood consists plasma and cellular components that form inside bones • blood fluid • Red blood cells transport oxygen • White blood cells defend the body against pathogens • Platelets function in clot formation • Plasma is a fluid extracellular matrix consisting mostly of water, with dissolved proteins, nutrients, gases, and other substances

22. Blood • Protein-rich fluid plasma with cellular components • Location: Inside blood vessels • Functions: Distributes essential gases, nutrients; removes waste

23. Blood Plasma white blood cell red blood cell platelet G Blood Protein-rich fluid plasma with cellular components Location Inside blood vessels Functions Distributes essential gases, nutrients; removes waste Fig. 28.8g, p. 455

24. ANIMATION: Soft connective tissues To play movie you must be in Slide Show Mode PC Users: Please wait for content to load, then click to play Mac Users: CLICK HERE

25. ANIMATION: Specialized connective tissues To play movie you must be in Slide Show Mode PC Users: Please wait for content to load, then click to play Mac Users: CLICK HERE

26. 28.5 Muscle Tissues • Muscle tissues contract (shorten) when stimulated – they help move the body and its component parts • Vertebrates have three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle tissues • Each type has unique properties that reflect its functions

27. Key Terms • skeletal muscle tissue • Muscle that interacts with bone to move body parts; under voluntary control • cardiac muscle tissue • Muscle of the heart wall • smooth muscle tissue • Muscle that lines blood vessels and forms the wall of hollow organs

28. Skeletal Muscle • Long, multinucleated, cylindrical cells with conspicuous striping (striations) • Interacts with bone to bring about movement, maintain posture • Reflex activated, but also under voluntary control

29. Skeletal Muscle nucleus A Skeletal muscle • Long, multinucleated, cylindrical cells with conspicuous striping (striations) • Interacts with bone to bring about movement, maintain posture • Reflex activated, but also under voluntary control Fig. 28.9a, p. 456

30. Cardiac Muscle • Striated cells attached end to end, each with a single nucleus • Found only in the heart wall • Contraction is not under voluntary control

31. Cardiac Muscle nucleus adjoining ends of abutting cells B Cardiac muscle • Striated cells attached end to end, each with a single nucleus • Found only in the heart wall • Contraction is not under voluntary control Fig. 28.9b, p. 456

32. Smooth Muscle • Cells with a single nucleus, tapered ends, and no striations • Found in walls of some blood vessels, digestive tract, reproductive tract, bladder, and other hollow organs • Contraction is not under voluntary control

33. Smooth Muscle nucleus C Smooth muscle • Cells with a single nucleus, tapered ends, and no striations • Found in the walls of some blood vessels, the digestive tract, the reproductive tract, the bladder, and other hollow organs • Contraction is not under voluntary control Fig. 28.9c, p. 456

34. ANIMATION: Muscle tissues To play movie you must be in Slide Show Mode PC Users: Please wait for content to load, then click to play Mac Users: CLICK HERE

35. 28.6 Nervous Tissue • Nervous tissue consists of specialized signaling cells (neurons) and the cells that support them (neuroglia) • nervous tissue • Animal tissue composed of neurons and supporting cells • Detects stimuli and controls responses to them • neuron • One of the cells that make up communication lines of nervous systems

36. Neuron Structure • A neuron has a cell body with a nucleus and other organelles • Projecting from the cell body are long cytoplasmic extensions that allow the cell to receive and send electrochemical signals • Neuroglial cells wrap around the signal-sending cytoplasmic extensions of most motor neurons – they act as insulation and speed the rate at which signals travel

37. A Motor Neuron

38. A Motor Neuron signal receiving extensions cell body of neuron signal-sending extension neuroglial cell wrapped around a signal-sending cytoplasmic extension of the neuron Fig. 28.10, p. 457

39. Neuron Function • Neurons in nervous tissue make up communication lines through the body • Different kinds detect, integrate, and assess information about internal and external conditions, and deliver commands to muscles and glands that carry out responses • A neuron transmits electrical signals along its plasma membrane, and communicates with other cells through chemical messages

40. Three Types of Neurons • Sensory neurons are excited by specific stimuli, such as light or pressure • Interneurons receive and integrate sensory information • Store information and coordinate responses to stimuli • In vertebrates, interneurons occur mainly in the brain and spinal cord • Motor neurons relay commands from the brain and spinal cord to glands and muscle cells

41. Interaction Between Nerves and Muscle • Interneurons in the lizard’s brain are stimulated by the sight of a tasty fly – signals flow from the interneurons along motor neurons to tongue muscles

42. Key Concepts • Animal Tissues • Epithelial tissues cover external surfaces and line cavities and tubes • Connective tissues bind, support, strengthen, protect, and insulate other tissues • Contraction of muscle tissue moves body parts • Nervous tissue provides local and long-distance lines of communication

43. ANIMATION: Functional zones of a motor neuron To play movie you must be in Slide Show Mode PC Users: Please wait for content to load, then click to play Mac Users: CLICK HERE