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World war II

Explore the setbacks faced by America in the early battles of World War II, such as the fall of Allied outposts to Japan, and the subsequent mobilization efforts to transform the economy and finance the war. Discover the social effects of the war, including the development of the West, the role of women, African-Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans, and the political landscape during this time.

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World war II

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  1. World war II

  2. America’s early battles

  3. Setbacks in the Pacific • Allied outposts fall to Japan early • Guan, Wake Is., Gilbert Is., Hong Kong, Singapore, Java, Rangoon, Burma (Burma Rd.) • Philippines • US outmanned, outgunned • Dec. ‘41 – May ’42 • MacArthur • “Victory Disease”

  4. Coral Sea & Midway • May 7 – 8, ’42 = Stop Japanese advance on Australia • June 4, ’42 • Desire major defeat of US Navy  negotiation • Adm. Yamamoto v. Adm. Nimitz • Broken code = surprise attack • Planes + carriers vs. Planes on carriers • BOOM! • Significance?

  5. Atlantic Setbacks • German “wolf packs” in N. Atlantic • ‘42- U-boats off US coastline • 400 ships/tankers damaged/sunk • Solution? Escort vessels, boats/planes (civilian)

  6. Mobilization at home

  7. Getting Started • War effort = increased production, full employment • 60k planes, 45k tanks, 8 m. tons • Preparedness in ‘41 v. ’17 • Army @ 1.4 m. • Draft = 18-45 • 15 m. serve

  8. Transforming the Economy • Mobilization began w/ lend-lease, defense efforts • ‘42- War Production Board • Manufacturing  war production • Allotment of materials/facilities for defense • Office of Scientific Research and Development • Radar, sonar, bazooka, DDT, penicillin, Manhattan Project • Gov. capital into economy  centralization, consolidation of private industry • ‘42- 300k businesses close

  9. Manufacturing  War Production • Autos  planes, tanks, ships, command cars • Mechanical pencils  bomb parts • Bedspreads  mosquito netting • Soft-drinks  filling shells with explosives

  10. Financing the War • FDR- taxes; Congress- borrow • 45% tax, remaining from bonds ($150 b) • War-bond drives • Nat’l debt increased • $260 b. • Issues? Effects? • Filling jobs! • Marginal workers • Labor Unions grow

  11. Economic Controls • War prosperity • Farmers recover  higher prices  workers demand higher wages • Gov. authority to control wages/prices • Nat’lization of coal mines, RRs- ‘43 • Encourage US to CONSERVE • “Use it up, wear it out, make it do or do without.” • Victory gardens, rubber collection • 1941- Office of Price Administration • Price ceilings • Rationing (tires, sugar, coffee, meat, gasoline)

  12. Conservatism in the US • Discontent over price controls, labor shortages, rationing •  reaction vs. FDR liberalism @ polls = growing conservatism • ‘42- swing against New Deal, Repubs gain, Dem lose outside S • “Nonessential” New Deal Agencies abolished • WPA, NYA, CCC, Farm Security Admin., Nat’l Resources Planning Board • Smith-Connally War Labor Disputes Act • Seizure of plants useful to war • ’43- laws to restrict strikes, union activities • ‘44- FL “right-to-work” legislation

  13. 1944 Election • FDR v. NY gov. Thomas Dewey • Dem challenge over VP • Henry Wallace lost southern, northern “city boss” support • Ties to organized labor • FDR turn to MO senator Harry S. Truman • Dewey • No dismantling of FDR programs, BUT time for YOUNGER men to replace old New Dealers • Younger? Stiff, formal, arrogant, dull • FDR back! • EC: 432-99 • Pop: 25.6 m – 22 m.

  14. Social effects of wwii

  15. Development of the West • Population BOOM • 8 m. west of MSR (’40 – ’50) • Phoenix, Albuquerque, Seattle, LA, San Diego, San Fran • Defense production, men into armed forces • CA, TX • City issues? • Housing, minority ratio

  16. Women • Demand removes prejudice • Industry, military • 200k  Women’s Army Corps, Navy, Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Services (WAVES) • Marines, Coast Guard, Army Air Force • 6 m. into workforce • Toolmakers, machinists, riveters, lumberjacks, RRs • “Do you part, free a man for service,” • Rosie the Riveter • Male Reaction?

  17. African-Americans • Demand full civil rights • Military, defense industries • 1 m. serve in military most segregated • ‘40- integration (officer candidate schools) • Exception? Air Force • A. Philip Randolph- march on Washington • End of racial discrimination • Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters • NAACP up • Smith v. Allwright- ‘44 • All white Dem. Primary = unconstitutional (15th Amend)

  18. Hispanics • Prior to WWI- force Mexican laborers back to Mexico • Labor shortage  recruiting workers • Mexico- must have min. work/living conditions •  bracero program- ’42 • Mexico provides seasonal farm work (undraftable), US provides transportation  200k farm workers into US • Tension in LA • Anti-Hispanic incidents • Servicemen vs. gang members & teenagers •  Zoot Suit Riots • ’43- off-duty soldiers/sailors + white civilianss assault zoot suiters, blacks, Filipinos

  19. Native Americans • 1/3 (25k) serve in armed forces • Defense industry, nurses, WAVES • Out of reservations  new vocational skills, awareness of opportunities • Why fight? • No choice/end of New Deal • Nazi/Japanese = threat to homeland • patriotism • Integrated w/in white units • Serve as “code talkers” • Used to encode & decipher messages • Navajo, Chippewas, Foxes, Comanches

  20. Japanese Internment • Fear that Japanese would attack the U.S. mainland. • Fear and prejudice across the U.S., especially on the West coast. • Feb. ‘42- FDR order removal of people of Japanese ancestry from CA and parts of Washington, Oregon, and AZ(Exec. Order 9066) • Nat’l security. • 110,000 Japanese Americans sent to internment camps (relocation centers/prison camps). • 2/3 of those sent were Nisei (born in U.S. to parents who emigrated from Japan). • Many had already joined Army and fought in WWII. • Families forced to sell homes, belongings, businesses for very little $

  21. 1944- Korematsu v. U.S: Supreme Court ruled that internment was justified on basis of “military necessity.” • 1965- Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) created after WWII to help compensate those sent to camps. Congress spent $38 million to do so (less than 1/10 of actual losses). Addressed again in 1978, 1988, and 1990.

  22. THE ALLIED DRIVE TOWARD BERLIN

  23. 1942 War Plans • War plans? • Germany first, then Japan • Why? • Direct threat to W. Hemisphere • War potential • German science • Pearl Harbor  FDR + Churchill war plans • Alliance- US + GB • Supreme Allied Commander, allotments of munitions, resources • Jan .1, ‘42- Declaration of the United Nations • 26 nations OK Atlantic Charter, full resources, no separate peace

  24. Strategy • Summer ‘42- disagreement on strategy • Location? • Coast of France (‘42-’43) v. hit-and-run raids, air attacks, buildup of military • Meanwhile. . . • Eastern front of Euro. Theater • Stalin, Hitler- massive death from war, on captives • Need for relief from Allies  N. Africa campaign

  25. North Africa Campaign • General Dwight D. Eisenhower • US + GB forces @ Casablanca, Algeria vs. Germans, Tunisia • GB push of Rommel into Libya • Pincers close on Germans, Italians  200k surrender by May, ’43 •  N. Africa controlled by Allies

  26. Conference @ Casablanca • Jan. ‘43- FDR + Churchill STRATEGY • More bombs! Supplies to Allies • Anti-sub campaign in Atlantic • Remove Japanese from Pacific • GB desire- Italy, Sicily • US desire- invasion of France ASAP (fold to GB) • End of war? Only with “unconditional surrender” of Axis • Why? • Distrust • Result? • More resistance • After war  Soviet control of e. Euro

  27. Battle of the Atlantic • Early ’43- Allied success vs. Germans • Convoys, escorts of merchant ships, troopships • U-boat battle continue, but lost cause • Impact of radar/sonar, Allied cryptanalysts

  28. Sicily and Italy • N. Africa in Allied hands  launch of Italian campaign (July ‘43) • 250k troops to Sicily • Under Patton = amphibious attack • Control by August •  end of Mussolini/Fascism • Italian gov. offer to surrender & switch sides • TOO SLOW • German reinforcements arrive by Sept. • Mussolini & puppet fascist gov. in north

  29. Italian peninsula campaign difficult • Tuskegee Airmen • 332nd Fighter (Red Tails), 99th Pursuit, 477nd Bombardment • "We got the reddest paint we could find and painted our aircraft. We wanted the bomber crews to know when we were escorting them and we wanted to make sure the Luftwaffe knew when we were airborne and in their territory." -Lt. Col. Herbert Carter of the Tuskegee Airmen • June 4, ‘44 = Allied capture of Rome • 2 days later, D-Day

  30. Strategic Bombing of Europe • During “D-Day waiting” period • USAF + RAF into “Fortress Europe” • ‘43- strategic bombings to pound Germany into submission • Much damage, no success in cutting German production or breaking morale • New gas tanks = longer flights for escorts  high Luftwaffe losses  scale back challenge to Allied missions • Allies have air supremacy •  focus on urban, industrial areas • Later, cover for Normandy landing • “If you see fighting aircraft over you, they will be ours.” –D.D.E

  31. Teheran Meeting • Summer ’43 • Churchill OK invasion of France • FDR + Churchill + Stalin in Teheran • Invasion of France & Soviet offensive from east • SU enter war vs. Japan. . . IF… • Plans: int’l peacekeeping org. & occupation of post-war Germany • Prior to meeting • 11/’43- Churchill + FDR + Chiang Kai-shek in Egypt • Declaration of Cairo = territory back to China, free Korea

  32. D-DAY: Operation Overlord • Supreme Headquarters, Allied Expeditionary Forces = SHAEF in London • Eisenhower takes command (N. Africa, Mediterranean) • Assault of Hitler’s “Atlantic Wall” • Germ prep.- fortifications along coast • 50-50 chance of success

  33. June 5 • Ike to 6k paratroopers  chaos, disrupt comm. • “Now quit worrying, General, we’ll take care of this thing for you.” • “Well, it’s on.” • SURPRISE! • Invasion at Calais? • Airborne forces, planes, battleships • June 6 • Dawn = invasion • 4k ships, 150k men (57k US) • Invasion or diversion? • “the news couldn’t be better. As long as they were in Britain, we couldn’t get at them. Now we have them where we can destroy them.” Hitler

  34. Near failure • Cloud cover, antiaircraft fire  landing zones missed, ocean craft @ wrong location, bombs dropped too far inland • Rough seas  seasickness, capsized sea craft • 1k men drown, radios ineffective, oral communication bad (noise) • Normandy landings • Omaha, Utah for Americans • Utah- light opposition • Omaha- German defense stands + mines + 50 yrds open beach • Gold, Juno, Sword- GB face counterattack • 5k dead by nightfall • Secure beachhead: 60 miles X 5-15 miles deep • 2 wks- landed 1 m. troops, 556k tons of supplies, 170k vehicles

  35. German reaction? • Advice to retreat behind Seine R. • Hitler REFUSE- order to contest all land • Rommel knew all was lost- sought separate peace • Other officers attempt to kill Hitler (7-20-1944), but survives bomb • Conspirators/suspects tortured to death • Rommel chose suicide • Disaster for German troops in W. France • Summer ‘44- German resistance collapsed • Paris liberated by Free French division, aid by US forces • German retreat to border • Mid-Sept.: France/Belgium liberated

  36. Island hopping to tokyo

  37. US Offensive in the Pacific • SW Pacific- Japan into S. Solomon Islands • Airstrip at Guadalcanal to attack transport routes to Australia • Aug. 7- US lands at Guadalcanal = “Island of Death” • Navy, marines, night battles, hand-to-hand combat • Devastation to Japanese carriers • New Guinea • MacArthur over US and Australian forces • Push Japanese out of eastern tip of New Guinea (Jan. ‘43) • Swamps- hot, humid, mosquito-infested

  38. Offensive Strategy • Army v. Navy • MacArthur v. Nimitz • Move towards Philippines, Tokyo v. sweep through c. Pacific, Formosa, China • New tactic- island hopping (“leapfrogging”) • Success w/ bombers vs. troopships • US use air + sea power to attack, neutralize strongholds, then move on and leave to “die on the vine” • = Allied victory

  39. Nimitz in the Central Pacific • Attack on Gilbert Islands (airfields)  Marshall Islands • Japan abandons region • Battle of Philippine Sea • Air battle, June 19-20, ‘44 •  control of Marianas Islands (Guam) • Tojo convinced war lost  resigned July, ‘44

  40. Leyte Gulf • FDR + MacArthur + Nimitz in Honolulu • Next plan of attack? • Airfields in S. China taken by Japanese (‘44) • MacArthur propose Philippines (strategy & personal desire) • Oct. 20, ‘44- move into Philippines • “People of the Philippines: I have returned.” • Philippines = access to Dutch E. Indies for Japanese • 3 fleets into Leyte Gulf vs. US • KAMIKAZE tactics • Japan loses remaining sea power, defense of Philippines

  41. Converging fronts

  42. Allied forces in Europe • Quick sweep across France  loss of momentum • Fall-winter ’44- sluggish fighting in frontiers of Germany • Battle of the Bulge • 12-16-’44: offensive push by Germans through Ardennes • Push 50-mile bulge in Allied lines in Belgium, Luxembourg • Allied lines hold off Germans (6 days) @ Bastogne • 12-23: weather improved, air power drop supplies, attack on Germans • Western offensive- March ‘45- past Rhine • Nazi resources to west  Soviet eastern offensive • March- into Germany

  43. The Final Push • GB/US from west, Soviets from east • Focus on Berlin • Suspicion • First to arrive = leverage on postwar Europe • Allied plans after fall? • Occupation zones (Berlin in Soviet zone) • Ike not concerned about Berlin- focus to destroy ground forces • Gen. Omar Bradley confirms- 10k lives to take it  leave for Soviets

  44. Bringing An End to War in Europe • Yalta Conference- 2/’45 • Big Three in s. Russia • Focus on shape of postwar world • FDR want Soviets in war vs. Japan • Allies united in dealing w/ German aggressors • Remedy mistakes after WWI (LON) • Free elections, dem.govs, constitutional freedoms •  conference to create United Nations • Security Council = US, GB, SU, France, China

  45. Germany & Eastern Europe • Postwar map @ Yalta • Occupation zones: E Germany (SU), industrial areas of west(W. Allies), Berlin (jointly occupied) • Austria/Vienna also divided • Reparations • $20 billions- ½ to SU • Committee never reaches decision- SU takes machinery, equipment

  46. Eastern Europe • Poland issue • ‘44- SU place gov. under puppet regime (Lublin) • Underground uprising in Warsaw • ?s remain • Polish gov-in-exile in London • Boundary lines

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