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Human Body Systems

Explore the anatomy, physiology, and stages of human reproduction & fetal development from fertilization to birth. Understand the major changes in each pregnancy trimester.

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Human Body Systems

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  1. Human Body Systems The Reproductive System

  2. Human reproductive systemfetal development SC.912.L.16.13 Describe the basic anatomy and physiology of the human reproductive system. Describe the process of human development from fertilization to birth and major changes that occur in each trimester of pregnancy. (MODERATE)

  3. BENCHMARK SC.912.L.16.13 • Reporting Category Organisms, Populations, and Ecosystems • Standard Standard 16Heredity and Reproduction • Benchmark SC.912.L.16.13 Describe the basic anatomy and physiology of the human reproductive system. Describe the process of human development from fertilization to birth and major changes that occur in each trimester of pregnancy. • Benchmark Clarifications Students will identify and/or describe the basic anatomy and physiology of the human reproductive system. Students will describe the process of human development from the zygotic stage to the end of the third trimester and birth. • Content Limits Items referring to the male human reproductive system are limited to the seminal vesicle, prostate gland, vas deferens, urethra, epididymis, scrotum, penis, and testes. Items referring to the female human reproductive system are limited to the ovaries, oviduct (fallopian tube), uterus, cervix, and vagina. Items assessing the function of the placenta, umbilical cord, amniotic sac, and amniotic fluid are limited to how these structures relate to the development of the fetus. Items will not assess physiological or hormonal changes of the mother during pregnancy. Items assessing the production of hormones in the context of the physiology of the human reproductive system are limited to a conceptual understanding of the production of hormones.

  4. Content limits cont. Items will not assess hormonal control during pregnancy. Items may refer to the early stages of development (implantation, morula, blastocyst, gastrulation, neurulation) but will not assess the definition of these terms. Items referring to changes in each trimester are limited to normal human development. Items will not assess specific knowledge of malformations in the human fetus, miscarriages, maternal preexisting conditions, genetic conditions, or the impact of exposure to environmental conditions. Items will not assess the utilization of technology to assist in or prevent fertilization or monitor development of the fetus. Items will not address or assess the menstrual cycle. • Stimulus Attribute Illustrations or diagrams may be used. • Response Attributes None specified • Prior Knowledge Items may require the student to apply scientific knowledge described in the NGSSS from lower grades. This benchmark requires prerequisite knowledge of SC.6.L.14.5.

  5. Male Reproductive System Scrotum contains: • Testes • The seminiferous tubules produce sperm and testosterone • Require a low temperature • Sperm live up to 72 hrs. in a female • Epididymis - folds of tissue (700 ft long) • Lies on top of the testes • Sperm mature here with aid from helper sperm (mask the 23 chromosome sperm from immune system)

  6. Vas deferens • Connects the external scrotum to the internal pathway. • Curves around the bladder, stores sperm, empties into the urethra • Sperm travel through this during ejaculation • Urethra • glands including the prostate gland produce a fluid that combines with the sperm to produce semen, enters here • semen flows through the urethra along with sperm during ejaculation (out the penis)

  7. Female Reproductive system (oviduct)

  8. Female Reproductive System • Ovaries - pair, internal • Mature and release one egg/month • Matures in the follicles within the ovaries • Born with all the eggs a female will ever have • 2 million at birth; 200-400 thousand at puberty; 400 will mature and be released • Once the egg has been released by the follicles, the follicles will release hormones for child development if fertilization takes place

  9. Female Reproduction • Oviducts or Fallopian tubes • Feathery like projections • After ovulation (releasing of the egg) occurs, the egg enters one of the oviducts • This is where fertilization occurs as the egg only lives 6-24 hrs. • The egg can’t move so it relies on cilia that lines the duct to cause a current along with muscle contraction (cramps at ovulation) • Fertilized egg  zygote  embryo

  10. Uterus • Embryo will embed itself in lining of uterus • This causes a hormone to be released (+ pregnancy test result) • Embryo will develop into a fetus • Uterus: 5 cm wide but expands to 30 cm • Thick walled muscular organ above the bladder • Cervix • This opening connects the vagina to the uterus • Opening is usually 1 cm wide, but during birth, expands to 10 cm • Vagina • Birth canal, site of sexual intercourse, site of menstruation – acidic for immunity reasons

  11. blastocyst uterine wall Implantation of blastocyst Fetal Development The fertilized egg implants into the uterus and is nourished by the placenta and umbilical cord. • The zygote becomes a blastocyst and implants in the uterus.

  12. placenta umbilical cord uterus amniotic sac • Embryonic membranes protect and nourish the embryo. • The blastocyst becomes an embryo. • amniotic sac cushions embryo. • amniotic fluid in the amniotic sac • placenta connects mother and embryo. • umbilical cord connects embryo to placenta.

  13. FETAL DEVELOPMENTInstruction on how to make a foldableInsert info as we go through the content • Construct a six-page flip-chart • Label the exposed tabs as • First trimester • Problems in first trimester • Second trimester • Problems in second trimester • Third trimester • Problems in third trimester • Indicate the important changes that occur in each stage as we cover it in class • Research problems that can occur if the developing fetus is exposed to drugs such as alcohol or tobacco.

  14. A zygote develops into a fully formed fetus in about 38 weeks. • Human pregnancies are divided into trimesters. • 1st trimester: body plan and early development • Most genetic issues occur here

  15. 2nd trimester: fetus more active, developed

  16. Second Trimester

  17. 3rd trimester: all organs fully formed • After about 38 weeks, fetus is ready to be born.

  18. Third Trimester

  19. Fetal development • Interactive Developmental Time Line • Activity - Human fetal growth

  20. Follow-up • Q/A Board • Problem solving issues in class • Additional activities: • Fetal Development sonograms by weeks

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