Napoleon and the end of the French revolution

1. Napoleonand the end of the French revolution Christensen 2013

2. FACTS While in Egypt, Napoleon’s men found the Rosetta Stone and are accused of shooting off the Sphinx’s nose with a cannon! Napoleon! • French Republic created in 1792 • France declared war on Austria and is soon fighting Britain, Netherlands, Spain, and Prussia too! • Napoleon, of Corsica, defeats British at Toulon, becomes famous, becomes a general • Goes on to defeat Austria in 1797 • French Revolution over? • Invades Egypt, conquers Alexandria, but is trapped by English Navy in Egypt.

3. FACTS After the Monarchy, The National Assembly, The Convention, The Committee of Public Safety, The Reign of Terror, and The Directory, this is France’s 7th new government in 10 years since the beginning of the Revolution Becoming Emperor • Napoleon received no help from the government while trapped • Snuck out of Egypt (leaving his troops) and returned as a hero to France • Napoleon became one of three consuls • In 1802, he named himself consul for life, in 1804 was crowned emperor of France MORE FACTS At every stage of his rise to power, Napoleon held a vote of the people. They always voted to support him.

4. Napoleon Reformed France • Regulated the economy by price controls, new industries, public works, and schools • Instituted the Napoleonic Code based on enlightenment principles and Roman law • Equality before the law • Religious toleration • Merit advancement • Countries he conquered adopted his Civil Codes

5. QUOTE Napoleon: “I grew up on the field of battle, and a man such as I cares little for the life of a million men.” Building an Empire • Valued speed of his army and developed a separate plan for each battle • By 1810, his empire reached its height…but… • Napoleon was unable to defeat England

6. Napoleon’s Downfall • Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812 with over 600,000 troops! • Russians avoided battle, slowly retreated, burnt crops and villages as they went • Napoleon’s army was left hungry and cold FACT Napoleon captured Moscow, but the Russians had burnt it to the ground.

7. Napoleon started a 1,000 mile retreat home. • Winter conditions and Russian attacks reduced his army from 600,000 to only 10,000 • France’s enemies saw their chance and defeated him • Napoleon abdicated his throne in 1814, is exiled • Louis XVIII, brother of Louis XVI is put on the throne. FACTS 100 years later, another European leader would conquer Europe only to be stopped by a huge mistake…invading Russia in the winter!

8. FACTS While on St. Helena, Napoleon is guarded by 2,000 soldiers and 2 battle ships that circle the island 24 hours a day to prevent another escape. No More Louis! • Napoleon escaped, French people cheer his return • Napoleon reassembled the army to fight again! • June 18, 1815 Napoleon is defeated at Waterloo, Belgium • He is forced to abdicate and is exiled again, this time to St. Helena, in the South Atlantic Ocean • Napoleon died on St. Helena in 1821 at age 51

9. The congress of Vienna 1814-1815

10. What is it? • 10 months of Meetings to organize Europe after the Napoleon wars (1814-1815) • European kings sought to turn back the clock to 1789 and restore Europe’s Old Regime • Members included the “Big Four” and France • Austria • England • Prussia • Russia • France

11. Questions to be answered • Does France still exist? • Where are the borders of the countries? • What will provide stability to all of Europe?  • What governments are most appropriate for each country? • Should a multi-national governing body be formed?

12. Balance of Power • Redrew the map of Europe • France surrounded by “Buffer states” • Belgium + Luxembourg + Holland = Netherlands • Prussia gets land • Austria gets land • German Confederation created

13. Long term results • Temporary suppression of democratic and nationalistic ideals • Created feelings of nationalism • International peace – no general war in Europe until World War I a hundred years later ?