Post-War Era

1. Post-War Era Cold War - Present

2. Post- War Europe • 50-60 million died – mostly from the Soviet Union • Civilian casualties made up the majority of deaths • Cities leveled (Warsaw, London, Dresden, Berlin) • Many displaced: • Jews • Germans (persecution by many, mass rape by the Russian soldiers) • Russian POW’s

3. Designing the Peace • Atlantic Charter (1941-42 – prior to end of war) • Created 26 United Nations, this time with US involvement • 1945 – United Nations Charter officially ratified • Became a pulpit for Cold War ideologies • General Assembly grew after decolonization • Less concerned with Cold war, more concerned with poverty, discrimination and further decolonization

4. More Agreements • Tehran, Iran, November 1943 • “Big Three” (Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill) • Plan of liberation – US and Britain from the West, Soviets from the East • Yalta, Crimea February 1945 • Germany divided into 4 “zones” • Atlantic Control Council – Britain, France, US and USSR made joint decisions about Germany • Berlin specifically divided into four quadrants • Reparations ($20 billion) would be collected in each zone, Soviets would get an additional 25% from the other three • Ambiguous compromise - countries liberated would have governments that were freely elected, but pro-Russian

5. Post-War Agreement (?) • Potsdam, July 1945 • Harry Truman demands free elections in Eastern Europe, Stalin refused

6. Positive Results of Negotiations • United Nations formed (v. League of Nations) • No “revanchism” (revenge for losses – as in WWI), however, Nazi leaders were held responsible, Nuremburg Trials of 1946 (v. holding entire countries responsible) • Democracies successful – promised social reform to workers leading to improvements in the lives of many and in the world economy (v. shaky democracies that could not cope with the Great Depression)

7. Growing Post-War Tensions Beginning of the Cold War

8. Causes – 3 Views • Traditionalists – It’s all Stalin’s fault • Revisionists – By 1960, including those in the US angry about Vietnam, blamed the US and its desire to protect American capitalism • Post-Revisionism – USSR to blame, but US was more to blame than suggested by the traditionalists

9. Western Europe (and US) Democracy Capitalist Soviet Union (Eastern Europe) Totalitarian Communist Ideologies

10. Truman – Get Tough • May 1945 – Cut off all aid to Soviet Union • March 1946 – stated the US would never recognize governments established against the will of the people

11. Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” • March 1946 Commencement Speech • Western influence could not penetrate, easterners could not go west • Both alliances loaded borders with conventional and later nuclear weapons

12. What is the message of this cartoon?

13. Stalin’s Response • “Ideological struggle against capitalist imperialism” • Communist parties in France and Italy fabricate US “plots” to take over Europe, incites rebellion

14. Events Behind the Rhetoric China – Soviets back communists in a bitter civil war Iran - 1945 • USSR agreed to leave Iran after the war, but did not and demanded oil concessions. Truman sent warships to the Persian Gulf and he backed down Turkey • Stalin tried to force Turkey to allow Soviet bases to be positioned along the straits leading to the Mediterranean and positioned troops on the border of Turkey to intimidate them. The US threatened to intervene and he backed down

15. Events Behind the Rhetoric Greece • Communist insurgency fought the new Greek government and Britain (watchdog of the region) did not have the resources to help • March 1947 - US saw this as a Soviet threat to the region, issued the Truman Doctrine: • Agreed to support “free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation” outside the US • Asked for money to aid Greece ($400 million) • June 1947 – Issued the Marshall Plan

16. Poland • Poland – Stalin continues to develop a communist-dominated government, promising a number of anti-communist Poles representation (based in London) • Roosevelt is seen as “selling out the Poles” – however Stalin already had troops on the ground to force the issue • When elections are held under duress, 80% of the communists win, creating one party state under soviet control • Soviets proceed to create an oppressive state, due to the Poles hatred for the Soviets (recall the Soviet takeover at the beginning of WWII)

17. Germany – Soviet Zone • Soviet Union allows for rival parties to develop thinking the German Communist Party (KDP) would dominate. However, mass rape and the dismantling of German factories angered most Germans • With no support, soviet leader Walter Ulbricht forced a merger between the KDP and the Social Democratic Party (SDP), creating a one party state controlled by the Soviets • 1946 - US, Great Britain and France end reparations – USSR angered • 1948 - Creation of a monetary system w/out the consent of USSR leads to • Berlin Blockade • Berlin Airlift

18. Other Parts of Eastern Europe • Soviet takeover not as violent – many willing to accept communism because capitalism had failed prior to WWII and the Soviets were seen as “liberators” • “People’s Democracies” were established, which were less oppressive than that in Poland, and communist ideas were pursued more slowly and less violently

19. The Marshall Plan • large-scale American program to aid Europe • US gave monetary support to help rebuild European economies after the end of WWII in order to prevent the spread of Soviet communism • 4 years long beginning in 1948 • Goals • rebuild a war-devastated region • remove trade barriers • modernize industry • make Europe prosperous again.

20. Other Parts of Eastern Europe • Tighter control will result when the US issues the “Marshall Plan” • Stalin takes control of Hungary using “salami tactics” to create a another one party state • Czechoslovakia – at first was pro-soviet (felt the West had sold them out at Munich) but later took Marshall Plan money. Stalin not pleased – President Eduard Benes is intimidated by the communist “People’s Militia”, and the Social Democrats are forced to join with the Communist party (yet another one-party state) • Yugoslavia – Josip Tito sets up a communist state – 1948 formerly breaks with Soviet Union. Tito, though creating a brutal police state, is considered the West's favorite Communist

21. 1947 – George Keenan - “Long Telegram” and “X” • Soviets were the ideological enemy who would never want to co-exist with the West • “Containment” was necessary to make sure their expansion was thwarted • Containment is a MAJOR idea of CW

22. Keenan’s Opinions 1946 • Answer to Dept’s 284, Feb. 3,13 involves questions so intricate, so delicate, so strange to our form of thought, and so important to analysis of our international environment that I cannot compress answers into single brief message without yielding to what I feel would be a dangerous degree of oversimplification. I hope, therefore, Dept will bear with me if I submit in answer to this question five parts...I apologize in advance for this burdening of telegraphic channel; but questions involved are of such urgent importance, particularly in view of recent events, that our answers to them, if they deserve attention at all, seem to me to deserve it at once. • impervious to the logic of reason • it was highly sensitive to the logic of force

23. The first two sections became the foundation of American Cold War policy: • The USSR perceived itself at perpetual war with capitalism; • The USSR viewed left-wing, but non-communist, groups in other countries as an even worse enemy of itself than the capitalist ones; • The USSR would use controllable Marxists in the capitalist world as allies;

24. 1949 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization Western bloc Alliance A result of the Truman Doctrine of 1947 1955 Warsaw Pact Eastern bloc Alliance A response to NATO and its rearming of West Germany Containment

25. Germany – the Other 3 Zones • Combine to create the “Federal Republic of Germany”. • Stalin offers to combine it with his zone – the “German Democratic Republic” (LOL) -to create a unified, unarmed, neutral state. The West refuses, accepts West Germany into NATO and militarizes it • 1958 – Nikita Khrushchev demands troops leave allowing Berlin to become a free city – Eisenhower refuses • 1961 - Berlin Wall built – Kennedy not alarmed

26. Death of Stalin 1953 • Stalin’s terror at home and isolation at abroad necessitated reform • De-Stalinization – Successor Nikita Khrushchev attacked Stalin’s policies in the Twentieth Party Congress,1956 • Relaxed worker controls • Economy diversified • Standard of living improved • However, de-Stalinization stimulated rebellion in satellite nations • Poland and Hungary demand reform, rebell • Over time, conservative Communist hardliners force Khrushchev out, Nikita Brezhnev in (1964)

27. Vietnam: Cold War Turns Ugly • Post WWII – France attempted to keep Indochina, but the “Vietminh” fought back • 1954 – “guerillas” pushed the French out and divided Vietnam into 2 (17th parallel) • Communist to the North under Ho Chi Minh • Democracy to the South under Ngo Dihn Diem

28. Vietnam War (oops, conflict) • North Vietnam supported unification and used guerilla warfare to achieve that goal • France and the US intervene • Peace agreement is reached leading to a unified Vietnam under communist rule

29. Impact • World witnessed the defeat of a superpower by a small determined nation • US foreign policy attempts to avoid “another Vietnam” (today countries more likely to avoid “brinksmanship” and institute a policy of “détente”)

30. Cuban Revolution • Cuba won independence from Spain in 1898 (Spanish-American War) • Platt Amendment provided US bases in Cuba • Independence fostered more wealth for the rich, further supported by the Batista Dictatorship (and the US) • 1956 – Cuban Revolution – Fidel Castro rallied peasants and used guerilla warfare to oust Batista (who also lost US support)

31. (Special Note) • U.S. controlled Cuba’s sugar production, banking, transportation, tourism and public utilities • This “economic imperialism” was supported by Fulgencio Batista • Today, many revolutions are more about “economic independence” than “political independence”

32. Fidel Castro • Promoter of democracy but establishes a dictatorship • 1961 – seized industry, eliminated rivals • US imposed an economic embargo – Castro gets friendly with the Soviet Union • President Kennedy authorized the Bay of Pigs Invasion in 1961 (fails) • 1962 – US spy planes detected Soviet missiles in Cuba (Cuban Missile Crisis) • After 3 months the US agrees to not invade, the soviets agree to remove missiles • Today – economic crisis since the fall of the Soviet Union

33. Isn’t that Sweet?

34. Cold War Ends • Western Europe living conditions improved dramatically • Eastern Europe remained behind the “Iron Curtain”- a gap grew between the rich and poor – they began to revolt • Although economic in nature, the revolts also included elements of democracy and self-determination

35. Detente • 1968-72 – Soviets and US agree to limit weapons – Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty • 1975 - Helsinki Accords – agree no boundaries will be changed by force

36. Poland • 1980 - Solidarity movement, under Lech Walesa, gains momentum and becomes more political • Military steps in, Gorbachev calls for reform • By 1990, the communist party fell apart in Poland. Walesa elected President • By 1999, the economy improved due to market-based reforms • Joined NATO and the EU by 2004

37. Germany • Decline of communism led to reunification • 1989 – Berlin Wall torn down • Mass immigration from east to west led to unemployment on both sides and business remained outdated in the East • Germany has pressed forward, modernizing it’s eastern half and has since become a world economic power

38. Germany in Period 5: What Was That Again? • Thriving in 1914 • Crushed in WWI • Built up by Nazi’s prior to WWII • Crushed in WWII • Divided into 2 parts • Center of Cold War • Reunified as a modern, capitalist-leaning democratic nation

39. Hungary and Czechoslovakia Before Gorbachev Under Gorbachev Hungary follows Poland's lead (previous slide), free elections in 1989 Velvet Revolution – Student-led demonstrations suppressed - draw even more support. Gorbachev orders reform, Communist leaders resign. Dubcek returns, elected head of parliament • 1956 – Hungary expels Russian troops and promised free elections. The revolt was brutally suppressed by Khrushchev • 1968 – Alexander Dubcek instituted moderate Communist reforms (communism “with a face”). “Prague Spring” - Occupation of Czechoslovakia ordered and Dubcek was exiled • Brezhnev Doctrine issued

40. Collapse of the Soviet Union • 1985 - Mikhail Gorbachev instituted policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) • Within 6 years, soviet satellites gain independence peacefully, are slowly moving ahead economically, and the Soviet Union disintegrated • Exceptions: • Yugoslavia • Chechnya

41. Creation of the European Union • Designed to help Europe compete with US and Soviet Union • First Stage: • OEEC – Organization for European Economic Cooperation – handled Marshall Plan $, lowered tariffs and other trade barriers • Second Stage: • 1951 – ECSC – European Coal and Steel Community – regulated those resources collectively • 1957 – Treaty of Rome established the “Common Market” lifting almost all trade restrictions, revised in 1986 to include free movement of labor, banking • Last: • Maastricht Treaty – 1992 – established the “Euro” as a common currency (exception – UK, Denmark and Sweden) and agreed to cooperate on issues such as the environment and defense. They also assumed the name “European Union”

42. Expansion of the EU • Many WARSAW nations have joined since the fall of the Soviet Union (ie, Czech Republic, Lithuania, Poland)

43. Independence Movements Cold War “self-determination” led colonial powers to reconcile their ways - also subjugated peoples demanded independence

44. India • 1885 – Indian National Congress • 1906 – Muslim league • 191 9 – Amritsar massacre • 1920’s – Mohandas Gandhi • Most prominent voice • Passive resistance • Yearned for independence, and mutual respect between Hindus and Muslims

45. Independence Won: Nations 2 • Independence after WWII • Bloodshed (again) • Gandhi wanted a united India • Muhammad Ali Jinnah wanted India divided (Muslim to the north) • British agree to partition

46. Halves, or Thirds? • India, Pakistan (northwest), Bangladesh (East Pakistan) • Result: Chaotic, over a half million killed, including Gandhi • Today – both want Kashmir, both have nuclear weapons

47. North Africa • 1922 – Egypt gains independence and a republic is established later in 1950 by Abdul Nasser • Nasser nationalizes the Suez Canal – Britain and France and Israel plan an attack. US intervenes and they back down • Emboldened by Nasser, African nations along the Mediterranean also gained freedom

48. Sub-Saharan Africa • African nations gain independence, but struggle • Natural resources gone • No investment in human resources (few educated people to build a self-sufficient society) • Unity difficult because of boundaries drawn by Europeans (example: Rwanda)

49. France Vietnam (see prev. slides) Algeria - 1954 brutal revolt - almost caused Civil War in France, until Charles de Gaulle convinced the French to give it up 1962 - French leave abruptly, causing strife in Algeria Britain – Decolonization brings social conflict in Zimbabwe (Rhodesia) and South Africa Netherlands After a costly struggle, Indonesians were granted their independence Colonies of France, Britain and the Netherlands

50. Independence in India Independence in Africa Compare