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Kingdom Animalia

Kingdom Animalia. Phylum Chordata “Vertebrates”. Organisms in this phylum are segmented animals with four distinctive features Dorsal hollow nerve cord Stiff notochord Pharyngeal slits behind the mouth Muscular post-anal tail Coelom Bilateral symmetry. Phylum Chordata “Vertebrates.

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Kingdom Animalia

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  1. Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata “Vertebrates”

  2. Organisms in this phylum are segmented animals with four distinctive features • Dorsal hollow nerve cord • Stiff notochord • Pharyngeal slits behind the mouth • Muscular post-anal tail • Coelom • Bilateral symmetry Phylum Chordata“Vertebrates

  3. The simplest chordates are tunicates and lancelets. • These are marine invertebrates POST-ANAL TAIL DORSAL, HOLLOWNERVE CORD Tunicates PHARYNGEALSLITS Musclesegments Mouth NOTOCHORD Simplest Chordates LARVA

  4. Lancelets DORSAL, HOLLOWNERVE CORD NOTOCHORD Head Mouth Water exit Simplest Chordates Anus Pharynx POST-ANALTAIL PHARYNGEALSLITS Digestivetract Segmentalmuscles

  5. Most chordates are vertebrates. • Their endoskeletons include a skull. • Their backbone is composed of vertebrae. Vertebrae Backbone Skull VertebratesA skull and a backbone are hallmarks of vertebrates

  6. Exception: Lampreys lack hinged jaws. • They are classified as agnathans. • Jaws evolved by the modification of skeletal supports of the gill slits. Gillslits Skeletalrods Skull VertebratesMost vertebrates have hinged jaws. Mouth

  7. Fish are jawed vertebrates with gills and paired fins. • Cartilaginous fish diverged before bony skeletons appeared. • Examples: Shark and ray Class ChondrichthyesCartilaginous Fish

  8. Bony fishes are more diverse and have • more mobile fins • operculi that move water over the gills • a buoyant swim bladder BONY SKELETON OPERCULUM Class OsteichthyesBony fish Gills SWIM BLADDER

  9. Three sub-classes of bony fish: • Ray-finned • Lobe-finned • Lungfish • Evolutionary evidence suggests that tetrapods evolved from lobe-finned fish. Rainbow trout,a ray-fin Coelacanth,a lobe-fin Class Osteichthyes

  10. Air-breathing lungfishes that developed skeleton-reinforced appendages probably gave rise to the first amphibians. Bonessupporting gills Typical tetrapod limb skeleton

  11. Class Amphibia is represented today by: • frogs • toads • Salamanders • Their limbs allow them to move on land. • However, amphibian larvae must develop in water. Class Amphibia1st Land Vertebrates

  12. Key Characteristics: • Body Temperature: Ectotherms – obtain their body heat from the external environment • Reproduction: Females lay eggs in water, and males fertilize. Eggs do not have shells or outer coverings. • Examples: • Frogs and toads • Salamanders and newts • Caecilians (worm-like animal burrows in soil) Class Amphibia

  13. Reptiles have more terrestrial adaptations than amphibians. • Class Reptilia is able to live on land due to: • waterproof scales • a shelled, amniotic egg • Modern reptiles are still ectotherms. • They warm their bodies by absorbing heat from the environment. Class Reptilia1st amniotic egg

  14. Class Aves has: • scales • amniotic eggs • Wings • Feathers • an endothermic metabolism • hollow bones • a highly efficient circulatory system Wing claw(like reptile) Teeth(like reptile) Class Aves1st Endotherms Feathers Long tail withmany vertebrae(like reptile)

  15. Birds share many characteristics in common with reptiles. • Scientists believe that birds’ feathers are evolved scales. • Consider the scaly skin of birds’ feet. Class Aves

  16. Mammals also evolved from reptiles. • Mammals are endothermic. • There are two unique mammalian characteristics: • Hair, which insulates the body • Mammary glands, which produce milk that nourishes their young. Class Mammalia

  17. Monotremes: a few mammals lay eggs • Example: duck-billed platypus Class MammaliaMonotremes

  18. Marsupials have a short gestation. • The tiny offspring complete development attached to the mother’s nipple, usually inside a pouch. • Example: kangaroos Class MammaliaMarsupials

  19. Most mammals are eutherians, also called placentals, • They have a relatively long gestation. • Complete embryonic development occurs within the mother. Class MammaliaPlacental Mammals

  20. A traditional phylogenetic tree is based on patterns of embryonic development and some fundamental structures. Phylogeny of the Animal Kingdom

  21. Presentday Porifera Platyhelminthes Mollusca Arthropoda Chordata Cnidaria Nematoda Annelida Echinodermata Pseudocoelom PROTOSTOMESCoelom fromcell masses DEUTEROSTOMESCoelom fromdigestive tube No body cavity True coelom Body cavity Radialsymmetry Bilateralsymmetry No true tissues True tissues Ancestral protists

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