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Learn the importance of citing evidence to support your thoughts and ideas, and discover the three main ways to cite evidence: quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing. Find out essential rules and guidelines for using direct quotes effectively in academic writing.
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Why cite evidence? • Citing evidence is when you support your • thoughts with ideas from the text. • Citing evidence is important because it • allows you defend your ideas and explain • your thinking to others. • Citing evidence also lets others know • where you read information and learned • information.
How do we cite evidence? • There are three main ways to cite • evidence: • Quoting • Paraphrasing • Summarizing
Paraphrasing • Paraphrasing is when you sum up or • provide a shortened version of an • Author’s ideas. • You are not using the EXACT words • the author expressed.
Summarizing • Summarizing a piece of text or idea is • Similar to paraphrasing. • When you summarize something, you are • Expressing a shortened version of the text (about 3-4 sentences). • You want to make sure you include only the important details or ideas in your summary.
Direct Quote • When you quote a piece of text, • you are expressing the exact • words an author used. • Quoting an author requires using • Quotation marks and referencing • the author.
Rules for using QUOTES #1 • Always prepare your reader for the quote. • A quotation should never suddenly appear out of nowhere.
Example • ORIGINAL: • The shadow of a cloud moved across the field of grain and she saw the river through the trees.SMOOTHLY INTEGRATED QUOTATION: • Hemingway uses the image of a momentary darkness to suggest the woman's growing disillusionment. After her quarrel with the man, "[t]he shadow of a cloud moved across the field of grain . . ." (21).
Rules for using QUOTES #2 • Follow up your quotation! • Avoid ending a paragraph with a quote– it’s your paper, end with something that YOU have to say. • The sentence AFTER a quote should always comment on the significance of the quote itself.
How to use QUOTES #3 • Use your own words to introduce a quotation. • Usually, you will want to • transition by using the author’s name. • Read it out loud. If it sounds too • sudden and abrupt, you need an • effective transition.
Example • THIS: • Hemingway uses the image of a momentary darkness to suggest the woman's growing disillusionment. After her quarrel with the man, "[t]he shadow of a cloud moved across the field of grain . . ." (21). A similar shadow gradually develops over their relationship.
Non-Example • DON’T DO: • The image of a momentary darkness suggests the woman's growing disillusionment. “The shadow of a cloud moved across the field of grain . . ." (21). A similar shadow gradually develops over their relationship.
When to cite evidence? • Quotes should be used • when the author has said • something SO remarkable • that it simply cannot be • altered. • When the words the author uses are not as important as the ideas, you should paraphrase.
What to AVOID • Avoid OVER quoting. • Only quote when absolutely needed. • The vast majority of your paper should be YOUR paper, not what someone else has said. • Please see me if you think you have been quoting too much.
Check for Understanding? • Name one reason to cite evidence • Name two rules to citing evidence • Name the three ways to cite evidence
