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Ways to increasing farm productivity to 4000 kg RCN/ha Gustavo Saavedra, D.Sc.

Ways to increasing farm productivity to 4000 kg RCN/ha Gustavo Saavedra, D.Sc. Head of Research and Development Embrapa Tropical Agroindustry. Superior Genotypes. Embrapa 51. CCP 76. BRS 189. BRS 226.

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Ways to increasing farm productivity to 4000 kg RCN/ha Gustavo Saavedra, D.Sc.

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  1. Ways to increasing farm productivity to 4000 kg RCN/ha Gustavo Saavedra, D.Sc. Head of Research and Development Embrapa Tropical Agroindustry

  2. Superior Genotypes Embrapa 51 CCP 76 BRS 189 BRS 226 • Embrapa has 12 clones registered in the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture4 of these clones are more prominent • CCP 76 presents great homeostasis, and is present in practically all Brazilian states • Embrapa 51, CCP 76 and BRS 226 were developed for the cashew industry • BRS 189 was developed for consumption as fresh fruit or for juice industry, although it presents good nut

  3. Embrapa Cashew Breeding Program Germplasm Bank Phenotypic Selection and Cloning: Plant size, RCN yield, and Nut weight (> 7 g) Evaluation at the E.E.F Dwarf Clones CCP 06, CCP 09, CCP 76, CCP 1001 Phase 1 Crosses, Progenies Evaluation and Cloning: Plant size, RCN yield, and Nut weight (> 9 g) Evaluation at the E.E.F Dwarf Clones Embrapa 50, Embrapa 51 Phase 2 Hybrids and Progenies Competition and Cloning: RCN yield, Diseases tolerance, Drought tolerance and Peduncle characteristics. Evaluation in different environments Dwarf Clones BRS 189, BRS 226, BRS 253, BRS 265 Hybrid Dwarf Common BRS 275 Common BRS 275 Phase 3 Construction of Genetic Map, Pre-breeding, Population Breeding, and Use of Quimiometric/Metabolomic: RCN yield, Industrial kernel yield (>30%), Diseases tolerance, Drought tolerance and Peduncle characteristics. Evaluation in wide range of environments Phase 4

  4. Embrapa Cashew Breeding Program Phase 4 3D Graph of main component analysis for Anacardium Occidentale L. samples analyzed by UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. Scatter plot (S-plot) for leaf extracts of contrasting clones: resistant and susceptible to anthracnose Quimiometric techniques associated with the Genetic Map may accelerate the development of new genotypes resistant to water deficit and with resistance to diseases and pests by identification of molecular fingerprints

  5. Top Working • The Top Working technique is fundamental for the renovation of areas with dwarf cashew material and for densification of these, aiming at recovery / increase of productivity. • The technique shows good results with cashew trees (more than 80%of success), but also has limitations. • Trees of higher age with large trunks presented higher mortality rates; • Trunk limit for Top Working is trees with perimeters measure up to 1,0 m.

  6. 15 m 15 m 44 trees/ha 7,5 m 7,5 m 177 trees/ha

  7. Densification In the Brazilian older planting (more than 30 years) the spacing is 15 m x 15 m or more Now we are testing • For Small Farms at non-irrigated areas with technological inputs 5 m x 5 m and 6 m x 6 m. • For Medium Farms located in irrigation Projects (high intensive) 5 m x 2 m and 6 m x 2 m.

  8. 15 m 15 m 44 trees/ha Non-Irrigated Areas Irrigated Areas 5 m 5 m 2 m 5 m 400 trees/ha 1000 trees/ha

  9. Soil Managment • In the rows are formed ridge with 2.5 to 3.0 m wide and 40 cm high to favor drainage, because the soil, although sandy (> 90% sand), is shallow. • On the ridges are 2 the irrigation lines • The remains of the prunings form a layer of mulch to reduce soil temperature and create a microenviroment below tree. • Between the ridges, the bush is allowed to grow and the control is done with brushcutter.

  10. Pruning • For smallfarms Pruningisrecommendedaftertheharvestperiod. Canbemademanuallyorsemi-mechanizedwithchainsaw. • For mediumfarms Pruningoccursaftertheharvestperiod, butthe use ofagriculturalimplementsassociatedwithtractorisrecommended.

  11. Pruning • For high intensivefarm Allpruningis manual. Pruningisdoneallyear round, with a costof 1 man for every 1.5 ha. FormationPruning In theformationpruning are left 3 - 4 brancheswelldistributed. The cupis open in the center, in theshapeof a cup. ProductionPruning The plants are pruned, with a maximumheightanddiameterof 2.0 m (tofacilitatetheharvestandthe use ofcashewapple). Afterharvestingthefruitsofthe terminal panicle, thebranches are prunedabovethe base.

  12. Growth Regulators • For high intensivefarm The use ofgrowthestimulators are required for treesenter in productionstage 1,5 yearafterplanting. In additiontopruning, use growthregulatorsisnecesserytocontainthegrowthofbranches in therainyseasonandavoidtheincreasingofnumberofemployes.

  13. Irrigation • It uses two lines of drippers per row of plants, with drippers of 2 L / h, spaced of 0,5 m in the line. • Drip lines are spaced 60 cm to 150 cm apart, depending on the age of the plant. • The frequency of irrigation is 2 days and applies from 6 to 8 hours by irrigation. • The daily irrigation depth varies from 4.4 to 5.9 mm / d and the volume per plant varies from 48 to 64 L / day.

  14. Fertilizing • Fertigation is made weekly, applying potassium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, MAP, calcium nitrate, ammonium sulfate and micronutrients. • For the calculation of fertilizers amount, is necessary use the nutrient extraction table of the cashew tree and adjust the doses and nutrient sources according to the results of soil and leaf analyzes, done every 4 months. • At the end of each fertirrigation need apply phosphoric acid to reduce the clogging of the emitters.

  15. Pest and Disease Control • Brazil presents 2 species of powdery mildew. The native species poses no problem, as opposed to exotic, which is extremely aggressive. However, the control with sulphocalcica and sulfur is very efficient. • Anthracnose, resinose, and black mold may be problems in some regions. • Use of drip contributes significantly to the reduction of diseases • Whitefly has become the main challenge to culture, but still occurs in very specific regions

  16. Fitossanidade • Research team looking for: • Resistent genotypes for deseases and pest • New molecules for use in desease and pest control • Understand interaction plant-patogen or plant-insect • Biological anthagonist • Biological control methods Clone 1 – CCP 76 Resistent Clone 2 – BRS 226 Resistent Clone 3– BRS 189 Resistent Clone 4 – BRS 265: Health - Suscetible Clone 4– BRS 265: SIck - Suscetible

  17. Conclusion Remarks • High productivitiesof RCN are possible, ifspecificenvironmentalconditionsmaybeconsideredandprinciplesof a modernfruticultureobligatorymaybeadopted. • In this case, productivitiesof 4.000 kg RCN/ha alreadyis a reality, withproductionperiodduring al least 10 monthsbyyear.

  18. Medium and Long Term Challenges for RCN Research • For Semi-Arid non-irrigatedareas • 2.000 kg RCN/ha • 600 kg Kernel / ha • For irrigatedand high intensiveareas • 6.000 kg RCN/ha • 2.000 kg kernel / ha

  19. Thank you! Contact Email: gustavo.saavedra@embrapa.br WhatsApp: +55-85-99100-0009

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