Chapter 19: Industrialization and Nationalism

1. Chapter 19: Industrialization and Nationalism Section 1: The Industrial Revolution (Part 1)

2. The Industrial Revolution Why Great Britain first? (1780s) (SG1) • Improvements to agriculture lead to needing less labor and more food. • Enclosure movement lead to the fencing off of common lands, forcing many peasants to move to towns, creating a labor surplus. (SG2) • Britain had a ready supply of money, or capital to invest. • Britain had plentiful natural resources for production. Rivers provided a power source for factories and transportation of goods. • British Empire provided many markets for their goods to be sold.

3. Changes in Cotton Production • Before IR, textiles were produced by the Cottage Industry. (SG3) • Spinners spun raw cotton into thread. • Weavers wove thread into cloth. • Four Inventions that improved the process: (SG4) • Flying shuttle (weaving) • Spinning Jenny (spinning) • Water-powered Loom (weaving) • Steam Engine improved by James Watt allowing for machine production (spinning and weaving). • British Raw Cotton Imports: • 1760: 2.5 Million pounds. • 1787: 22 Million pounds. • 1840: 366 Million pounds.

4. The Coal and Iron Industries • With improvements to the steam engine the demand for coal rapidly increased, driving improvements in efficiency and output. • Improvements to the coal industry carried over to the iron industry. • In the 1870s, Henry Cort developed the process of puddling. (SG5) • British Iron Production: • 1740: 17,000 tons • 1780: 70,000 tons • 1852: 3,000,000 tons • Puddling Process: (SG5) • Coke (fuel source derived from coal) is used to heat iron to very high temperatures. • During process the iron is stirred and air is added to burn away impurities. • Finished iron is stronger and of far high quality.

5. The New Factories (SG6) • From the start factories created a new labor system. • Factory owners wanted to run their machines constantly. • Workers worked in shifts with long hours to keep machines producing. • Factory workers migrated from rural areas to towns/cities. • Workers faced harsh and unsafe conditions, stiff punishments (especially for children) and had no job security whatsoever.

6. Railroads • 1804, first steam locomotive is built (Richard Trevithick). • 1814, steam locomotive is improved so that it runs on top of tracks, making it far more efficient (George Stephenson). • Investors linked manufacturing centers (e.g. Manchester) to ports (e.g. Liverpool) by rail. (SG7) • These transportation networks greatly increased speed and efficiency, factory production increased, as result profits soared. (SG7) • Railroads in Britain: • 1840: Almost 2,000 miles of railroads • 1850: Over 6,000 miles of railroads • 1900: 22,000 miles of railroads

7. Factory Acts - Activity Starting in 1833, the British government began passing acts to limit the hours worked in factories by women and children. • Each student needs a packet (Factory Act of 1833). • Students will work with shoulder partners or on their own (no threes or more). • Each student will turn in a completed packet at the end of class.