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The Rise of Nationalism and The “Era of Good Feelings”. The Era of Good Feelings (1815—1825). James Monroe [1816-1824]. (See Ch. 7, sect.3). The Election of 1816 [The Demise of the Federalist Party]. The Era of Good Feelings. James Monroe was elected President in 1816 Re-elected in 1820
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The Era of Good Feelings (1815—1825) James Monroe [1816-1824] (See Ch. 7, sect.3)
The Era of Good Feelings • James Monroe was elected President in 1816 • Re-elected in 1820 • During his presidency: • the economy grew rapidly • spirit of nationalism continued to grow • optimism and positive thinking about America’s future as a nation
Nationalism & Foreign policy:Diplomatic Successes • Monroe’s era secured U.S. territories and borders (largely thanks to JQA) John Quincy Adams:A bulldog among spaniels!
The Convention of 1818 • UK & US shared fishing rights off Newfoundland • Joint occupation of Oregon Territory • Settled northern boundary of US at 49th parallel
1819 – Adams-Onis Treaty • Agreement between U.S. & Spain • Negotiated by Sec. of State John Q. Adams • U.S. acquired Florida and established a firm boundary between the Louisiana territory and western Spanish territory.
The Monroe Doctrine: MYOB • America still had a series of foreign outposts in North America to deal with—Spain & Fr. to the south, Russia to the north. • United States did not want any additional foreign involvement on their continent. • J.Q. Adams responded with the Monroe Doctrine: “as a principle in which the rights and interests of the United States are involved . . .the American continents… are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers....”
Tariff of 1816 • Raised tariff rates on certain goods in order to protect U.S. manufacturers=first protective tariff in U.S. history
Nationalism & Domestic Policy:The American System • Promoted by Henry Clay – speaker of the House of Reps • System was designed to implement policies to unify the country: • protective tariffs • Maintain national bank • build roads and canals for easier trade and commerce (internal improvements) • Supported in the Northeast & West • Little support in the south (tariff issue) • Opposition was strong enough that only a few proposals for internal improvements were passed—Madison/Monroe not sure Constitution authorized spending of federal $$ on roads & canals
The Erie Canal • 1817 – 1825 • 363 miles Buffalo to Albany • Much further than any other American or European canal
Nationalism and Preserving Republican Values See Ch. 8, sect. 2
Renewing Republicanism • Republicanism stresses several key concepts; notably, the importance of civic virtue, the benefits of universal political participation, the dangers of corruption, the need for separate powers and a healthy respect for the rule of law. • In the U.S. • condemned inherited social privilege • to “rise from nothing” was honorable, not a disgrace • Slowly expanding voting rights • the sense that everyone should contribute
Republican Motherhood • Americans felt the key to producing civic virtue was raising virtuous young men • Republican Wives/the idea was Republican Mothers
Cult of Domesticity • Parenting during early industrialization became primarily maternal • The home is seen as a feminine, moral realm • Women should be proud of their role as in their cult of the home
Education Requirements of Republican Motherhood • Seminaries for women were established for “intellectual and moral instruction” • Women studied history, accounting, home economics • Women were expected to embody “piety and purity” See “Republican Motherhood” reading
John Marshall’s Background • Served as Washington’s Aide in the Revolutionary War. • Served as Secretary of State under John Adams. • Appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by Adams.
Marshall’s Politics • He was a Federalist • He had a “loose” interpretation of the Constitution. • He believed strongly in implied powers. • He developed “Judicial Review” • He believed strongly in the “national supremacy clause”.
Key Facts: Southern States sought to limit the power of the National Bank Maryland placed a high tax on the Bank. SC decision: 1) Bank is constitutional, “necessary and proper” clause. 2)States can not tax federal institution, Supremacy Clause. Constitutional issues: Loose interpretation of the Constitution, esp. necessary and proper clause. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
Key Facts: NH attempted to seize control of private college board/revoke private charter. SC decision: Charters are legal contracts, gov’t cannot interfere. Dartmouth remained private. Constitutional issues: Loose interpretation of the constitution, signficance of “contracts.” Judicial Review of State Decisions. Dartmouth Col v Woodward (1819)
Key Facts: NY gave Ogden’s co. a monopoly over Hudson River Ferry Service. US gave Gibbons co. control of the same river. SC decision: Gibbons is allowed to offer his services. Federal supremacy over-interstate commerce. Constitutional issues: Loose interpretation of the Constitution, federal government regulates inter-state commerce. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
Nationalism vs. SectionalismCh. 8, sect. 3 & 4 • Nationalism: that belief that the interests of a nation as a whole are more important than regional interests or the interests of other countries • Sectionalism: the belief that one’s own section, or region, of the country is more important than the whole. • Early 1800’s feelings of nationalism swept America . . . but the undercurrent of sectionalism was ever-present.
The Second Great Awakening • Americans began to attend more religious revivals • Preachers began to tell people that “their destiny lay in their own hands” and encouraged them to live a moral life and work hard. • Told that people had the opportunity and responsibility to do God’s work on earth. • It shaped an era in American history known as the “era of reform”—nationalistic spirit of making America better. • This period lasted from about 1830-1860 and was aimed at reshaping American society.
The Panic of 1819—Americans Are Introduced to the Business Cycle • Second Bank of US tightened credit. (in response to global economic issues) Panic of 1819=bank failures, deflation, unemployment, bankruptcies and imprisonment for debt. Impact • Most severe in the west—lots of land speculationlots of forclosures. • upset nationalist feelings, West feels ignored by Eastern interests.
US Population Density 1820 1810 • What to do about slavery as the nation grows? • 1819 – Missouri applied for statehood • Would upset the balance of 11 free & 11 slave states
Initial Proposal: The Tallmadge Amendment • Prevented the further introduction of slaves into Missouri • Children born to slaves in Missouri after would be freed at the age of 25 gradual emancipation • Passed by the House, not in the Senate. • Enraged the South—saw it as first attempt by North to end slavery. • The debate would last almost two years . . .
Ultimate Solution:The Missouri Compromise • Agreement: • Missouri would be admitted as a slave state • Maine was to be admitted as a free state • This preserved the balance of representation • Slavery was banned north of the 36 30’ line
Significance of Missouri Compromise • Slavery issue increasingly became the sectional issue/conflict. • South solidified three key arguments: • states controlled their internal commerce and affairs. • Congress could not infringe upon property rights. • slavery no longer a “necessary evil” (as in Revolutionary times), but rather a “positive good.”
Slavery & The Expanding South • By 1817 the southern plantation system was rapidly expanding. (Internat’l trade ended 1808smuggling and domestic slave trade) • North had thought slavery would “die out.” • Cotton became the new cash crop. • America had begun to expand out west – new states admitted. (LA, MS, AL) • More landmore cotton productionmore $$$$increase in the need/demand of slave labor. • Poor whites suffered in the south as well.
Historians have traditionally labeled the period after the War of 1812 the “Era of Good Feelings”. Evaluate the accuracy of this label, considering the emergence of nationalism and sectionalism.
