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THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION. CHAPTER 9 1700 - 1900. Industrialism Begins. Industrialism New economic system Rely on machinery rather than animal and human power Before industrialism most people lived in small farming villages Began urbanization Began in the “textile” industry Woven cloth.

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THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

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  1. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION CHAPTER 9 1700 - 1900

  2. Industrialism Begins • Industrialism • New economic system • Rely on machinery rather than animal and human power • Before industrialism most people lived in small farming villages • Began urbanization • Began in the “textile” industry • Woven cloth

  3. Section I: The Beginnings of Industrialization • Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain • Begins in the mid 1700s • New Ways of Working • The IR greatly increases out-put of machine made goods • The Agricultural Revolution Paves the Way • Enclosures – large farm fields enclosed by fences • Wealthy landowners buy & enclose land once owned by village farmers • Enclosures allow experimentation with new agricultural methods

  4. The Beginnings of Industrialization • Rotating Crops • Crop rotation – switching crops each year to avoid soil depletion • Selective Breeding – Livestock breeders allow only the best to breed, improve the food supply

  5. Selective Breeding

  6. Why did the IR begin in Britain? • Britain had all of the factors of production • Land, labor, and capital • Britain had the necessary natural resources • Coal, iron, rivers, harbors • Expanding economy encouraged development

  7. Inventions Spur Industrialization • Changes in the Textile Industry • Flying Shuttle (1733) • John Kay • Doubled the work a weaver could do in a day

  8. Inventions Spur Industrialization(cont) • Spinning Jenny (1764) • James Hargreaves • One spinner could work eight thread at a time

  9. Inventions Spur Industrialization(cont) • Water Frame (1769) • Richard Arkwright • Machines could now be powered by water, not just hand

  10. Inventions Spur Industrialization(cont) • Power Loom (1787) • Edmund Cartwright • Sped up the weaving process

  11. Inventions Spur Industrialization • Changes in the Textile Industry (cont) • Cotton Gin (1793) • Eli Whitney • Multiplied the amount of cotton produced • Development of Factories • Buildings that contain machinery for manufacturing • First factories needed to be near rivers for water power

  12. The Cotton Gin and Eli Whitney

  13. The First Factories

  14. Improvements in Transportation • Steam Engine • Need for cheap, convenient power • Steam becomes important source of energy • James Watt improves the steam engine • Water Transportation • First steamboat “Clermont” • Robert Fulton in 1807 • Road Transportation • British roads are improved • Companies operate toll roads • Beginning of the railroad

  15. James Watt and the Steam Engine

  16. Robert Fulton and the Clermont

  17. The Railway Age Begins • Railroad Revolutionize Life • The Railroad System • Spurs industrial growth • Creates jobs • Provides cheaper transportation • Boosts many industries • Causes people move to cities

  18. The Railway Age Begins • First Railroad Line • George Stephenson (1825) • Liverpool-Manchester Line (1829) • Used Stephenson’s “Rocket” • World’s best locomotive

  19. II. Industrialization • Industrialization Changes Life • Factory Work • Pays more than farms • Spurs the demand for more expensive goods • Rise of Industrial Cities • Urbanization – movement of people to city • Population growth provides work force, markets for goods • Major cities: London, Manchester, Liverpool, Birmingham

  20. The Working Class • Living Conditions • Rapid Urbanization caused: • Cities without adequate housing, education, and police protection • Urban slums • Disease and sickness spread quickly • Life span is only 17 years • Lack of sanitary & building codes

  21. The Working Class • Working Conditions • Average workday – 14-16 hours • 6 days a week, year round • Dirty, poorly lit factories • Numerous injuries and death • No health insurance • No labor laws • Eventually replaced by machines • Huge population means large unemployment

  22. The Rise of the Middle Class • The Middle Class • Factories helped to create a new group of people – the middle class • Skilled workers, merchants, rich farmers, managers, and professionals • Had a comfortable standard of living • Looked down upon by aristocrats and landowners

  23. Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution • Immediate Benefits • Creates jobs • Enriches nation • Encourages technological progress • Education expands • Cheaper goods, including clothing • Long Term Effects • Improved standard of living • Improved working conditions • Increase in taxes lead to urban improvements

  24. III. Industrialization Spreads • The Rise of Corporations • Stock • Limited ownership rights for company • Sold to raise money • Corporation • Company owned by stockholders • Share profits not debts • Large corporations attempt to control as much business as they can

  25. The Impact of Industrialization • Rise of Global Inequality • Wealth gap between nations widens • Europe & US gain economic power • Non-industrialized nations fall further behind • African and Asian countries lag • Still based on agriculture • Imperialism spreads • Need for raw materials and new markets • European nations & US exploit colonies for resources • Transformation of Society • The Middle Class gains influence and power • Begins calls for reform

  26. IV. Philosophers of Industrialization • Laissez-faire Economics • Policy of not interfering with business • “The Wealth of Nations” • Published by Adam Smith • Defended free markets & laissez-faire • Economic liberty guarantees economic progress • Economic natural laws • Self-interest • Competition • Supply and Demand

  27. The Economists of Capitalism • Capitalism • System of privately owned businesses seeking profits • Malthus and Ricardo • Thomas Malthus • Believed populations grew faster than the food supply • Wars, epidemics kill off extra people or misery and poverty result • David Ricardo • Saw a permanent poor underclass that provided cheap labor

  28. Malthus Ricardo

  29. Utilitarianism and Utopia • Utilitarianism • Judge things by their usefulness (Bentham) • Regulation to help workers and spread wealth (JS Mill) • Utopian Society • Established by Robert Owen • Community that improved worker conditions and provided cheap housing • Located in New Harmony, Indiana

  30. The Rise of Socialism • Socialism • Factors of production owned by, operated for the people • Power of the Government • Government control can end • Poverty • Bring equality

  31. Radical Socialism – Karl Marx • The Communist Manifesto • Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels • Fundamental Beliefs • Society divided into warring classes • The “haves” vs. the “have-nots” • The “haves” • Employers or bourgeoisie • The “have-nots” • The workers or proletariat • Prediction • The workers will overthrow the owners

  32. The Future According to Marx • Capitalism will destroy itself • Inequality would cause workers to revolt • This would lead to communism • Society where people own and share the means of production • What are the “means of production”? • Land, mines, factories, railroads and businesses

  33. Labor Unions and Reform Laws • What is a union? • Association formed by laborers to work for change • What do they do? • Negotiate for better wages and conditions • Who were the first to do this? • Skilled workers are the first to unionize • How were they able to do this? • Movement in US and UK to fight to right to unionize

  34. Labor Unions and Reform Laws • Reform Laws • Laws were passed to stop abuses of industrialization • Examples of reform laws • Maximum workday • Ending or limiting of child labor

  35. The Reform Movement Spreads • Abolition of Slavery • Reformers help to end slavery • In British Empire (1833) • The Americas (1888) • Fight for Women’s Rights • Pursuit of economic and social rights as early as 1848 • Founding of the International Council for Women (1888)

  36. Other Reforms • Free public education • Established in Europe by late 1800s • Established in US by 1850s • Prison reform also sought • Focus on rehabilitation

  37. Nineteenth Century Progress • Inventions and Inventors Make Life Easier • Thomas Edison • Granted over 1,000 patents from his research • Including the light bulb

  38. Nineteenth Century Progress • Inventions and Inventors Make Life Easier (cont) • Alexander Graham Bell • Invented the telephone (1876)

  39. Nineteenth Century Progress • Inventions and Inventors Make Life Easier • Guglielmo Marconi • Invented the radio (1895)

  40. Nineteenth Century Progress • Inventions and Inventors Make Life Easier • Karl Benz • Invented the automobile in 1885 • Henry Ford • Lowers the cost of the automobile using the assembly line

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