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Understanding the Human Body: Structural Levels & Systems Overview

Explore the intricate levels of structural organization in the human body, from atoms to organ systems, and delve into the functions of major systems like cardiovascular and skeletal. Gain insights into anatomy and physiology at different scales.

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Understanding the Human Body: Structural Levels & Systems Overview

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  1. The Human Body: An Orientation

  2. The Human Body—An Orientation Anatomy • Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts Physiology • Study of how the body and its parts work or function

  3. Anatomy—Levels of Study • Gross anatomy • Large structures • Easily observable Figure 14.1

  4. Anatomy—Levels of Study • Microscopic Anatomy • Very small structures • Can only be viewed with a microscope Figure 14.4c–d

  5. Smooth muscle cell Molecules Cellular levelCells are made up of molecules Atoms Chemical levelAtoms combine toform molecules Smoothmuscletissue Tissue levelTissues consist ofsimilar types of cells Epithelialtissue Smoothmuscletissue Bloodvessel(organ) Organismal levelHuman organismsare made up of manyorgan systems Cardio-vascularsystem Connectivetissue Organ levelOrgans are made upof different typesof tissues Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of differentorgans that work together closely Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1

  6. Organ System Overview • Integumentary • Forms the external bodycovering • Protects deeper tissue frominjury • Helps regulate body temperature • Location of cutaneousnerve receptors Figure 1.2a

  7. Organ System Overview • Skeletal • Protects and supportsbody organs • Provides muscleattachment for movement • Site of blood cellformation • Stores minerals Figure 1.2b

  8. Organ System Overview • Muscular • Produces movement • Maintains posture • Produces heat Figure 1.2c

  9. Organ System Overview • Nervous • Fast-acting controlsystem • Responds to internal andexternal change • Activates muscles andglands Figure 1.2d

  10. Organ System Overview • Endocrine • Secretes regulatoryhormones • Growth • Reproduction • Metabolism Figure 1.2e

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