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Bacteria & Viruses

Learn about the causes, types, and treatment of bacterial and viral infections. Explore how antibiotics work and the danger of antibiotic resistance. Discover common diseases caused by bacteria and viruses and how they spread. Understand the structure of bacteria and viruses, as well as how the immune system fights off viral infections. Stay informed to protect your health.

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Bacteria & Viruses

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  1. Bacteria & Viruses

  2. Bacteria • Bacteria reproduce often, every 20 minutes. • They may disrupt a local area – the rash or inflammation is really your immune response. • Some like Clostridium botulinum release toxins • They can spread system wide and cause sepsis (often leading to death) • Often cleared up by your immune system (neutrophils) or with the help of antibiotics. Also mucus membrane and skin keep a lot out to being with. • Antibiotic Resistant strains do exist (this occurs due to mutations leading to resistance which is good for the bacterial species (bad for us)

  3. Diseases Caused by Bacteria • How are bacterial infections cured or treated? • Use antibiotics to cure bacterial infections • What are antibiotics? • a chemical that can kill bacteria without harming a person’s cell • What is antibiotic resistance? • Bacteria can develop a resistance to antibiotic and will no longer kill • This is what happens when you do not take medicine completely • What are some examples of diseases caused by bacteria? • Anthrax • Lyme Disease • Leprosy • Bacterial Meningitis • Strep Throat • Tuberculosis

  4. What are the different Bacterium Shapes? • Cocci ~ Sphere shaped bacteria • Streptococcus – different strains cause different problems (strep throat, pneumonia) • Bacillus ~ Rod shaped bacteria • Lactobacillus acidophilus – milk curdling bacteria • Spirrillium ~ Spiral shaped bacteria • Treponema denticola - gum disease

  5. How are Bacteria Structured? • Enclosed by a cell wall • Contains cytoplasm and hereditary material of the cell • Ribsomes are the only organelle found in the cytoplasm

  6. What are Viruses? A virus is a non-cellular particle made up of genetic material and protein that can invade living cells and reproduce.

  7. How is a virus structured? • DNA or RNA (retrovirus) • Surrounded by protective protein coat (capsid) • Genetic material carries information for multiplication • Hijacks biochemical machinery of host cell to carry these processes out

  8. How are diseases caused by viruses? • Cause disease by either damaging or killing cells • First attaches itself to a healthy cell and then injects its DNA or RNA into cell • Then replicates once inside infected cell • No Cure, just prevention with vaccine. • What are vaccines? • Vaccines: a substance introduced into the body to stimulate the production of chemicals that destroy specific viruses or bacteria..

  9. How does your body fight off the virus? • Antibodies from our immune system are a special protein made by B cells. They bind to a virus to stop it from replicating, and also tag viruses so that other blood cells know to destroy them. • T cells have different roles to play. Some act as guard dogs that raise the alarm when they detect invading viruses; others kill virus-infected cells directly, or help B cells to produce antibodies. • Once the virus has been cleared, a small number of these specialist B and T cells persist and retain an accurate memory of the destroyed virus. You then have acquired immunity. • Manufactured antibiotics do not work against viruses.

  10. HIV – a virus • HIV attacks and kills a type of immune system cell known as T lymphocytes. These T cells are crucial for killing other cells in the body that have been infected with germs. • Without T cells, other immune system cells, such as antibody-making B cells, can't work properly. • If HIV is not treated the number of T cells drops steadily. Eventually, numbers fall to the point that the risk of infection greatly increases. This end-stage is known as AIDS. • Often death occurs by a secondary infection such as pneumonia.

  11. How are Infectious Diseases Spread? • Infectious disease can be spread through: 1. contact with an infected person ex: Influenza (V), Strep (B) 2. contact with a contaminated object ex: Athleteis foot (F) or Influenza (V) 3. contact with an infected animal ex: Lyme Disease (B): Bite from infected tick contact with an environmental source. 4. Bodily fluids usually through sexual intercourse and oral sex. Gonorrhea (B) HIV (V) Chlamydia (B) Herpes (V)

  12. What are some examples of diseases caused by viruses? • Rabies • Influenza • West Nile Virus • Viral Meningitis • Polio • Common Cold • AIDS/HIV • Chicken Pox • Small Pox • Yellow Fever * • Ebola • SARS

  13. Measles Rabies Hepatitis H1N1: Swine Flu West Nile Virus H5N1: Avian Flu

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