Bacteria Kingdom Monera

1. Bacteria Kingdom Monera Mrs. S. Pipke-Painchaud Diversity of Life Biology 20

2. Objectives • 2. Recognize the role of monera, protists, and fungi in the ecosystem. • 2.1 Describe viral structure and activity. 2.2 Identify some viral diseases prevalent in plants, animals, and humans in Saskatchewan. • 2.3 Discuss the various ways bacteria are classified. 2.4 Describe some diseases caused by bacteria which affect organisms living in Saskatchewan. 2.5 Identify some valuable roles played in the ecosystem by bacteria. 2.6 Distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. • 2.7 Describe how the protist kingdom is classified. 2.8 Collect, culture, and observe a variety of protists. • 2.9 Describe the general characteristics of fungi. 2.10 Collect and observe some samples of fungi. 2.11 Identify the basic structural features of bacteria.

3. Bacteria? • Briefly jot down what this term means to you? (i.e. when someone says bacteria, what does it make you think of?) • Could you include any examples?

4. Intro to Bacteria? • “Bacteria are often maligned as the causes of human and animal disease. However, certain bacteria, the actinomycetes, produce antibiotics such as streptomycin and nocardicin; others live symbiotically in the guts of animals (including humans) or elsewhere in their bodies, or on the roots of certain plants, converting nitrogen into a usable form. Bacteria put the tang in yogurt and the sour in sourdough bread; bacteria help to break down dead organic matter; bacteria make up the base of the food web in many environments. Bacteria are of such immense importance because of their extreme flexibility, capacity for rapid growth and reproduction, and great age - the oldest fossils known, nearly 3.5 billion years old, are fossils of bacteria-like organisms” (UCMP http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/bacteria/bacteria.html)

5. Videos: • Bacteria Song: • http://ca.youtube.com/watch?v=tqOVYpkZ0qs • Bacterial Growth: • http://ca.youtube.com/watch?v=gEwzDydciWc&feature=related • Bacteria Examples: (Microscope images) • http://www1.fccj.org/dbyres/bacteria.htm

6. Bacterial History • Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) – oldest fossils are nearly 3.5 billion years old. • Fossil bacteria has also been found in: • Amber • Mummified tissues • Fossilized bones show the presence of disease causing bacteria • Magnetobacteria: • “form tiny, nanometer-sized crystals of magnetite (iron oxide) inside their cells” (UCMP-Fossil Bacteria). These magnetite crystals have been identified in rocks as old as 2 billion years (size: a few hundred millionths of a meter) -All info from (UCMP-Fossil Bacteria).

7. Bacteria Leptospira: causes serious disease in livestock (http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/bacteria/bacteria.html)

8. Prokaryotes: Lack membrane bound organelles Smaller, simpler Example: Bacteria Eukaryotes: Have membrane bound organelles Have a membrane bound nucleus Example: Most cells that we encounter Cellupedia Examples: http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryote_examples.html Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic 2.6 Distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. For more details, please refer to:http://www.life.umd.edu/classroom/bsci424/BSCI223WebSiteFiles/ProkaryoticvsEukaryotic.htm

9. What is Bacteria? • A microscopic, single celled organism • Prokaryotic • Major Types: • Archeabacteria or Eubacteria • Variety of shapes • Size: micrometres (millionth of a meter) • Found in all types of environments. • Classified by: • Shape: • Rod – called bacilli • Sphere – called cocci • Spiral – called spirilla • Other more complex shapes do exist. • Aerobic – need oxygen/ Anaerobic don’t need oxygen • Gram Positive/ Gram Negative – a staining technique • Autotrophic or Heterotrophic bacteria • (Buzzle.com – Different Types of Bacteria http://www.buzzle.com/articles/different-types-of-bacteria.html) • 2.3 Discuss the various ways bacteria are classified.

10. Classification of Bacteria • Classified by: • Shape: • Rod – called bacilli • Sphere – called cocci • Spiral – called spirilla • Other more complex shapes do exist. • Aerobic – need oxygen/ Anaerobic don’t need oxygen • Gram Positive/ Gram Negative – a staining technique • Autotrophic or Heterotrophic bacteria • (Buzzle.com – Different Types of Bacteria http://www.buzzle.com/articles/different-types-of-bacteria.html) • 2.3 Discuss the various ways bacteria are classified.

11. Spirilliumhttp://www1.fccj.org/dbyres/images/spirillum.jpg

12. Types of Bacteria • Types of Bacteria: • http://ca.youtube.com/watch?v=RrTjOrzva3I

13. Bacterial Cell • Refer to the following link for more detail. • http://www.microbeworld.org/microbes/bacteria/look.aspx • 2.11 Identify the basic structural features of bacteria.

14. Bacterial Cell • Cellupedia: http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html

15. Did you also know… • Sometimes referred to as germs • Bacteria are around us all the time • Can be positive: • Make vitamins • Breakdown garbage • Maintain atmosphere • Examples: • Lactobacillus acidophilus (found in yogurt) • “Lactic acid bacteria (bacteria that ferment sugars into lactic acid) play an essential role in the production of wine, as well as such fermented foods as cheese, yogurt, pickles, sausage and salami.”(http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2002-10/dgi-rtt100302.php) • Can live in: • Temperatures above boiling and below freezing • Feed off of: • Sugar/starch • Sunlight • Sulphur/ iron • “There's even a species of bacteria—Deinococcus radiodurans—that can withstand blasts of radiation 1,000 times greater than would kill a human being.” • Info from: • Microbe World: Meet the Microbes: http://www.microbeworld.org/microbes/bacteria/ • Includes a quick video. By fermenting lactic acid, Oenococcus oeni plays a critical role in de-acidifying wine. http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2002-10/dgi-rtt100302.php

16. More Bacteria Info: • Sometimes known as microorganisms, bacteria, is an important decomposer. • Help to breakdown dead and decaying remains.

17. Extreme Bacteria: • Types of Archaea • There are three main types of archaea: • the crenarchaeota (kren-are-key-oh-ta), which are characterized by their ability to tolerate extremes in temperature and acidity. • The euryarchaeota (you-ree-are-key-oh-ta), which include methane-producers and salt-lovers; • the korarchaeota (core-are-key-oh-ta), a catch-all group for archaeans about which very little is known. • Subtypes: • Methanogens(meth-an-oh-jins) — archaeans that produce methane gas as a waste product of their "digestion," or process of making energy. • Halophiles (hal-oh-files) — those archaeans that live in salty environments. • Thermophiles (ther-mo-files) — the archaeans that live at extremely hot temperatures. • Psychrophiles (sigh-crow-files) — those that live at unusually cold temperatures. • Meet the Microbes: http://www.microbeworld.org/microbes/archaea/ • Refer to Where they Live: for more details: http://www.microbeworld.org/microbes/archaea/where.aspx

18. Roles of Bacteria • Examples: • Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax, a deadly disease in cattle and a potential bioweapon against humans.(found in Saskatchewan soil) • Brucella abortus causes breeding losses in livestock. • 2.5 Identify some valuable roles played in the ecosystem by bacteria. Antrhax: http://www1.fccj.org/dbyres/bacteria.htm

19. Anthrax Antrhax: http://www1.fccj.org/dbyres/bacteria.htm • “This rod-shaped bacteria grows in long colonies with the cells joined end-to-end. The shape of the cells is more apparent under high magnification. This was the first bacterium that was shown (by Robert Koch in 1877) to be the cause of a disease : anthrax. Anthrax mainly affects herbivores but occasionally is transmitted to humans. • It causes death fairly rapidly, and could theoretically be used in biological warfare. The Defense Dept vaccinated troops against anthrax during the Gulf War. The British government tested an anthrax bomb in 1941 on Gruinard island in Scotland. The island was finally declared “safe” almost 50 years later in 1990 after the soil was soaked to a depth of at least 6 inches with formaldehyde to try to kill any spores that remained.”

20. Examples: • Cyanobacteria (formerly known as blue-green algae) live in water, where they produce large amounts of the oxygen we breathe. • Escherichia coli (a.k.a. E. coli) lives in the gut, where it helps digest food and produces Vitamin K. The "bad" strain of E. coli O157:H7 causes severe food borne sickness. • Lactobacillus bulgaricus helps turn milk into cheese, yogurt, and other dairy products. • Bacterium tuberculosism Mycoba causes tuberculosis, a major killer from the past that has recently resurged with the advent of AIDS. • Info from: • Microbe World: Meet the Microbes: http://www.microbeworld.org/microbes/bacteria/

21. Examples Continued: • Rhizobia convert free nitrogen into a form that the plants can use in order to grow. (found in the root nodules of nitrogen fixing bacteria) • Staphylococcus (a.k.a. staph) can cause serious infections and is one of the most drug-resistant bacteria. • Streptococcus pneumoniae causes strep throat, meningitis, and pneumonia. • Streptomyces griseus makes the antibiotic streptomycin. • Thermus aquaticus is a heat-loving bacterium from which scientists got the enzyme Taq polymerase that makes routine DNA fingerprinting and gene sequencing possible. • Info from: • Microbe World: Meet the Microbes: http://www.microbeworld.org/microbes/bacteria/

22. Where do they live? • Refer to the following website for habitat info: • http://www.microbeworld.org/microbes/bacteria/where.aspx

23. Where They’re Found • Bacteria can be found virtually everywhere. They are in the air, the soil, and water, and in and on plants and animals, including us. A single teaspoon of topsoil contains about a billion bacterial cells (and about 120,000 fungal cells and some 25,000 algal cells). The human mouth is home to more than 500 species of bacteria. • Some bacteria (along with archaea) thrive in the most forbidding, uninviting places on Earth, from nearly-boiling hot springs to super-chilled Antarctic lakes buried under sheets of ice. Microbes that dwell in these extreme habitats are aptly called extremophiles. • Bacteria live on or in just about every material and environment on Earth from soil to water to air, and from your house to arctic ice to volcanic vents. Each square centimeter of your skin averages about 100,000 bacteria. A single teaspoon of topsoil contains more than a billion (1,000,000,000) bacteria.

24. What do they eat? • Refer to the following website: • http://www.microbeworld.org/microbes/bacteria/eat.aspx

25. What they eat.. • Some bacteria are photosynthetic (foe-toe-sin-theh-tick)—they can make their own food from sunlight, just like plants. Also like plants, they give off oxygen. Other bacteria absorb food from the material they live on or in. Some of these bacteria can live off unusual "foods" such as iron or sulfur. The microbes that live in your gut absorb nutrients from the digested food you've eaten. • Many more interesting facts about bacteria can be found throughout the Microbe website, so keep clicking and reading.

26. How do they move? • Refer to the following website: • http://www.microbeworld.org/microbes/bacteria/move.aspx

27. Movement: • How They Move • Some bacteria have hair- or whip-like appendages called flagella used to ‘swim’ around. Others produce thick coats of slime and ‘glide’ about. Some stick out thin, rigid spikes called fimbriae to help hold them to surfaces. Some contain little particles of minerals that orient with the planet’s magnetic fields to help the bacteria figure out whether they’re swimming up or down. • Bacterium with flagellaHarwood, ASM MicrobeLibrary • Some bacteria move about their environment by means of long, whip-like structures called flagella. They rotate their flagella like tiny outboard motors to propel themselves through liquid environments. They may also reverse the direction in which their flagella rotate so that they tumble about in one place. • Other bacteria secrete a slime layer and ooze over surfaces like slugs. Others are fairly stationary.

28. Examples of bacterial diseases which affect Saskatchewan organisms – 2.4 • Lyme Disease: • Lyme disease is a serious bacterial infection caused by a tick bite and affects humans and animals. • http://www.geocities.com/HotSprings/Oasis/6455/saskatchewan-links.html

29. Resources • Meet the Microbes: • http://www.microbeworld.rg/microbes/bacteria/ • Timeline: http://www.microbeworld.org/microbes/timeline1.aspx • UCMP – All exhibits: • http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/index.php • Bacteria: Images and short info • http://www1.fccj.org/dbyres/bacteria.htm