PARTS OF SPEECH (3)

1. PARTS OF SPEECH (3)

2. E. ADVERB • Adverb is a part of speech comprising a class of words that modifies, or adds to the meaning of A verb (except linking verb) An adjective Another adverb A sentence

3. An adverb modifies a verb • Fire from bunsen burner heatsthe loop quickly • Older people eatslowly • Young children playaggressively • Student must workcarefully in the lab • My daughter speaks English fluently • Decrease the temperature immediately after washing

4. An adverb modifies an adjective The growth is very slow The city change greatly fast The food tastes really nice Our samples are cloudy yellow

5. An adverb modifies another adverb • The cooling period is done too slowly

6. An adverb modifies a sentence Unfortunately, we run out of the chemicals Suddenly, He switch off the reactor Previously, a researcher has found the microbe

7. An adverb comes from an adjective • Accurate Accurately • Patient Patiently • Curious Curiously • Careless Carelessly • Extrem Extremly

8. Adverbs: a. Adverb of manner She writes slowly and speaks quietly. b. Adverb of placeI have lived on the island for years. c. Adverb of frequencyHe feeds the animalevery day. They always break their fast with water and dates d. Adverb of timeWe have to stop eating before dawn. She broke her fast first. e. Adverb of purposeShe drives her new car carefully to avoid hitting other vehicles. I try many methods to get the best results.

9. F. PREPOSITION • Preposition is a word that relates noun or noun phrase to an adverb, an adjective or other words in a sentence. • The most common prepositions are: • "about," • "above," • "across," • "after," • "against," • "along," • "among," • "around,"

10. "at," • "before," • "behind," • "below," • "beneath," • "beside," • "between," • "beyond," • "but," • "by," • "despite,"

11. "down," • "during," • "except," • "for," • "from," • "in," • "inside," • "into," • "like," • "near,"

12. "of," • "off," • "on," • "onto," • "out," • "outside," • "over," • "past," • "since," • "through,"

13. "throughout," • "till," • "to," • "toward," • "under," • "underneath," • "until," • "up," • "upon," • "with," • "within," • "without."

14. Examples • The burette is on the table. • The bottle of liquid is beneath the table. • My house is across the road. • Her lab is beside the main building. • My child can jump over the table. • I fell asleep during lecture.

15. More Examples • The children climbed the mountain without fear. • There was rejoicing throughout the land when the government was defeated. • The spider crawled slowly along the banister. • The dog is hiding under the porch because it knows it will be punished for chewing up a new pair of shoes. • The screenwriter searched for the manuscript he was certain was somewhere in his office.

16. G. CONJUNCTION • Conjunction is word that is used to join words, phrases, clauses or sentences. • It differs from preposition which relates the noun or noun phrase to an adverb, an adjective or other words in a sentence.

17. Coordinating conjunction “And” is used • to suggest that one idea is chronologically sequential to another • to suggest that one idea is the result of another • to suggest that one clause is dependent upon another • to suggest a kind of "comment" on the first clause.

18. “But” is used • to suggest a contrast that is unexpected in light of the first clause • to suggest in an affirmative sense what the first part of the sentence implied in a negative way • to connect two ideas with the meaning of "with the exception of" (and then the second word takes over as subject.

19. “Or” is used • to suggest that only one possibility can be realized • to suggest the inclusive combination of alternatives • to suggest a negative condition • to suggest a negative alternative without the use of an imperative • Authority used for this section on the uses of and, but, and or: A University Grammar of English by Randolph Quirk and Sidney Greenbaum. Longman Group: Essex, England. 1993.

20. Conjunction differs from preposition which relates the noun or noun phrase to an adverb, an adjective or other words in a sentence. Notice the difference function of “and” and “with” in these sentences! • Susi and Budi are doing the titration (a) • Susi, with Budi is doing the titration (b)

21. The first sentence above (a) actually joins these sentences: • Susi is doing the titration • Budi is doing the titration The second sentence above (b) shows the relation between Susi and Budi. It informs the reader that When Susi is doing the titration, Budi is also there. Please note that “Budi is not doing the titration”.

22. b. Subordinating conjunction Subordinating Conjunction comes at the beginning of a subordinate or dependent clause. It shows the relationship between the dependent clause and the rest of the sentence. For examples: • He decided to take the course as though he had been preparing for this chance all his life. • Because she owed some money from him, she had to work in his restaurant for at least a month. • My mother will not go shopping, unless she finds her purse back. Other subordinating conjunctions are: after, although, as, as if, as long as, as though, because, before, even if, even though, if, if only, in order that, now that, once, rather than, since, so that, than, that, though, till, unless, until, when, whenever, where, whereas, wherever, while.

23. c. Correlative conjunction Correlative conjunction always appears in pair and it treats the clause grammatically equal. For example: • My brother sells not only groceries but also electrical. • The teacher said neither pupils in need nor disabled ones can join the school • Whether you win this game or lose it doesn't matter as long as you do your best.

24. H. Interjection Interjection is a word, a phrase or a short sentence which can stand alone. It is used to exclaim, command, or to express emotion. When interjection is more forceful, it usually followed by an exclamation mark. However, Interjection is rarely used in academic writing.

25. For examples: • Wow, that is incredible! • No, thank you! • Sorry! I can’t come to your graduation ceremony. • Oh dear! You shouldn’t have done this! • Excuse me! • Best regards,

26. I. Article Article is word which is used to notify a noun. There are 2 types of article: definite article (the) and indefinite article (a, an).

27. For examples: It is a great success that we have cloned a new cell line. The cells now are growing well. I have to prepare samples for my experiment tomorrow. The samples are a slice of water melon, an apple, a banana, an orange, and a slice of honey dew.