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THE COLD WAR

THE COLD WAR. WWII PEACE ?. Germany – “unconditional” surrender – divided into 4 zones Poland reconstituted – Soviet satallite Finland and Austria – Independent – Russia yoke of influence Baltic States – absorbed into USSR Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria - USSR

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THE COLD WAR

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  1. THE COLD WAR

  2. WWII PEACE? • Germany – “unconditional” surrender – divided into 4 zones • Poland reconstituted – Soviet satallite • Finland and Austria – Independent – Russia yoke of influence • Baltic States – absorbed into USSR • Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria - USSR • Yugoslavia, Albania – Communist – resistant to USSR rule • Italy abolished monarchy – unstable democracy

  3. WWII PEACE? • Greece – bloody civil war • France – 4th Republic – Unstable • Britain – empire evaporated • Japan – imposed democracy, rapid economic recovery = power status • China liberated from Japanese rule – civil war = Mao Zedong (1949) • League of Nations replaced by the United Nations • US and USSR superpowers = bi-polar world

  4. THREE PERIODS • THE EARLY COLD WAR (1945-53) • THE MIDDLE COLD WAR (1953-74) • THE COLD WAR’S END (1974-91)

  5. WEAPONS • Propaganda • Diplomatic Moves • Scientific Competition • Economic Competition • Espionage • Subversion

  6. THE EARLY COLD WAR

  7. 1945 BIG THREE Issues? Germany, Japan, Poland Free-Elections Intentions, suspicions YALTA

  8. WHAT TO DO WITH EASTERN EUROPEAN NATIONS?

  9. SATELLITES • Heavenly body that orbits a larger body • Eastern and Central Europe: Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Rumania • Dictatorships controlled by the Communist Party • Denied Civil Liberties

  10. GERMANY DIVIDED

  11. IRON CURTAIN 1946 “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the continent.”

  12. CONTAINMENT THEORY 1947 George F. Kennan “The main element of any United States policy toward Soviet Union must be a long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansionist tendencies.”

  13. CONTAINMENT • Kennan’s prediction = mellow, collapse • Creative application of containment • War, Diplomacy, Aid, Intelligence, Rebel Groups • Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, Berlin Airlift

  14. TRUMAN DOCTRINE • 1947 • USSR expansion – Greece - Turkey • US $400 million in aid • 1947-50 $660 million

  15. THE MARSHALL PLAN • 1947 • George C. Marshall, Sec. Of State • Europe “rubble heap” (Churchill) • US recovery - $$$$ • $13 Billion • “a miraculous economic recovery”

  16. THE BERLIN AIRLIFT • June 1948 – May 1949 • West Berlin – 2.5 million population • 2.3 million tons of supplies • After 276,926 flights Soviet Union lifts blockade

  17. NATO • 1949 • North Atlantic Treaty Organization • Brussels, Belgium • Defensive Military Alliance • 12 Nations originally • Today? • 28 members

  18. Luxemburg • Netherlands • Norway • Portugal • 1952: Greece & Turkey • 1955: West Germany • 1983: Spain • United States • Belgium • Britain • Canada • Denmark • France • Iceland • Italy

  19. WARSAW PACT • East Germany • Hungary • Poland • Rumania • U. S. S. R. • Albania • Bulgaria • Czechoslovakia

  20. UNITED NATIONS • 1945 – 51 founding nations • Goals: International Peace and Security, Friendly Relations, Cooperation in International problems, Human Rights • Five “Super powers” • Today 192 Nations

  21. CHINA REVOLUTION • 1949 • Mao Tse Tung (r. 1949 – 1976) • Communism • Chaing Kai Shek – Nationalists – Taiwan

  22. KOREA • 1950-1953 • “The Forgotten War” • 38th Parallel • North Korea –Kim Il-Sung

  23. THE MIDDLE COLD WARCRISIS AND COMPETITION

  24. HUNGARIAN UPRISING • 1956 • Imre Nagy • Prime Minister • Krushschev “Secret Speech” – De-Stalinization • Withdrawal – Warsaw Pact • End Communism in Hungary? • Executed 1958

  25. SUEZ CRISIS • 1956-1957 • British/French Control – military base 80,000 troops • Symbol of the overseas power • “jugular vein of the empire” • Abdel Nassar – President of Egypt • Egyptian Nationalization

  26. SPUTNIK • 1957 • Russia – 1st man-made satellite • US – NASA • “Space Race”

  27. U2 Incident • 1960 • Soviets - Krushchev • US – Eisenhower • Col. Francis Gary Powers • US Spy Plane shot down in Russia

  28. CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS • 1962 • Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961) • Fidel Castro (r. 1959-2008)

  29. BERLIN WALL • 1961 • Divides East and West Berlin

  30. VIETNAM • 1955-1963 • Imperialist French control of Indo-China • Ho Chi Minh (1892-1969) - Nationalists

  31. US INVOLVEMNT “If you want to, go ahead and fight in the jungles of Vietnam," Khrushchev said. "The French fought there for seven years and still had to quit in the end. Perhaps the Americans will be able to stick it out for a little longer, but eventually they will have to quit, too." - Nikita Krushchev

  32. VIETNAMIZATION • 1969 • President Nixon • Gradual withdraw U.S. ground forces • “Peace with Honor” • 1973 – all US troops out • Communist North Vietnam captures South Vietnam • Containment?

  33. PRAGUE SPRING • 1968 • Led to Brezhnev Doctrine • Alexander Dubcek (1921-1992) • “Socialism with a Human Face” • Russia – 500,000 troops

  34. THE COLD WAR’S END

  35. SALT I & II • Strategic Arms Limitation Total • 1969-1979 • US – USSR strategic arms limitations • SALT I – Moscow (1972) Nixon, Brezhnev • SALT II – Vienna (1979) Carter, Brezhnev

  36. SOLIDARITY • 1980 • Poland • 1956 – workers protested • 1970 – food riots • 1976 – new strikes • 1980 – 17,000 workers Lenin Shipyard – STRIKE (food prices)

  37. SOLIDARITY • Network of Unions • Solidarity Movement • Leader Lech Walesa • 1979 – New Pope – John Paul II • 27-year Papacy • First non-Italian Pope in 455 years • “There can be no just Europe without an independent Poland on the map of Europe!”

  38. FALL OF THE BERLIN WALL • Gorbachev’s Glasnost - Perestroika • “General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, if you seek liberalization: Come here to this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!” – Ronald Reagan (June 12, 1987) • November 9, 1989 • Unification October 3, 1990 – Reunification of Germany

  39. REVOLUTIONS OF 1989 • Poland, Hungary, East Germany, Romania? • Velvet Revolution – Czechoslovakia -Vaclav Havel • Free elections, press

  40. THE DEATH OF YUGOSLAVIA • Republic of Yugoslavia (1944-1992) • Six republics – Croatia, Serbia, Montenegro, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia • Two autonomous regions – Kosovo - Vojvodina • Josip Broz Tito (r. 1944-1980) • “Non-Alignment”

  41. THE DEATH OF YUGOSLAVIA • Multi-Ethnic • Violent Break – Civil War • Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia – Independence 1991 • Serb minorities in each above region • Slobodan Milosevic (1941-2006) – Yugoslavia • “Ethnic Cleansing” – Bosnian Muslims

  42. THE EUROPEAN UNION • Jean Monnet (1888-1979), Robert Schuman (1886-1963) • 1952 European Coal and Steel Community – “Inner Six” – Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, Italy, Germany • 1957 – Treaty of Rome – Common Market or European Economic Community • 1991 – Maastricht Treaty – “single Europe” – European Union • European Parliament, European Commission, Euro

  43. THE EUROPEAN UNION • 27 Member Nations • Political and Economic (Euro) • 16 members use Euro • “Europe without frontiers” • Peace, Stability, and Prosperity • United States of Europe?

  44. BRIEF HISTORY U.S. – SOVIET RELATIONS • 1917-1941 - Unfriendly • 1941-1945 - Cooperative • 1945 – 1971 – Hostile • 1971 –1979 – Detente • 1980-1985 - Strained • 1980 – Present – Diplomacy

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