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The OE vocabulary and its etymological characteristics. Common IE Nouns: fæder, mōdor, dohtor, sweostar, sunu heorte, nosu, tōð, fōt Adjectives: - rea:d, mycel, nīwe Numerals Pronouns: ic, þū, wē, sē, hwā Verbs: standan, sittan, etan, bēōn. Common Germanic: hēāfod, hand, finger cealf
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Common IE Nouns: • fæder, mōdor, dohtor, sweostar, sunu • heorte, nosu, tōð, fōt Adjectives: - rea:d, mycel, nīwe Numerals Pronouns: ic, þū, wē, sē, hwā Verbs: standan, sittan, etan, bēōn
Common Germanic: • hēāfod, hand, finger • cealf • gear, wicu, tīma, dæg, sumor • hūs, rum • grēn, bleo • lŷtel, hēāh • hīēran, sēōn, sprecan
Specifically OE: • wimman (wīf + mann) • hlāford (hlāf +weard) • ealne weg (eal + weg)
Word-formation • simple words • derived words • compound words
Prefixes • ā-, be-, for-, fore-, ge-, ofer-, un- • gān – go • ā-gān – go away • be- gān – go round • fore- gān – precede • ofergān – pass over
Noun suffixes • -end (frēond) (dead suffix) • –ere: fiscere, bōcere (fisher, baker) • Feminine of –ere - –ester webbestre • dōm, scipe, hād
Noun suffixes • –ing: cyning, Centing • þ: lang- lengþu strong – strengþu • Ung/-ing wilnian – wilnung
Suffixes to form adjectives • ig (hālig) • -isc (English) • -ede (hōcede- hooked) • -sum • -en • - lic • - lic + -e turned the adjective into an adverb frēondlic- frēondlice.
Adjectives used as suffixes: • full • lēas – “deprived of” (less): sāwollēas (lifeless)
Word composition • eorþcræft – geometry • hūsbonda • hāligdæg • – gōdspel – gospel (spel – tidings –news), • sunnandæg – sun’s +day
1. What are the three etymological layers that compose the OE vocabulary? 1. Point out 3 levels of Latin borrowing into OE.
2. What was the most productive way of word derivation in OE? 2. What are the means of enriching vocabulary in any language?
Loan words (borrowings) Latin borrowings – 2 layers: • before the migration of the Germanic tribes to the British Isles and then through Celtic • religious vocabulary Celtic borrowings
OE in Modern English • 24, 000 different lexical items in OE corpus • About 85 per cent of OE words are no longer in usenow • 3 per cent of the words in OE are loan words • Today 70 per centare loan words
Anglo-Saxon vocabulary today • grammatical words • lexical words • affixes(mis-, un-, -ness, -less) • million-word Brown University corpus • Scandinavian: they are • Romance: 105 (just) and 107 (people).