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Biology

Biology. Proteins and Enzymes Unit 3, Notes #3. Review. Carbon!. Organic Compound contain __________ Examples: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins. Review- Carbs. Carbohydrates are sugars (immediate NRG) C:H:O is 1:2:1 Building blocks = monosacharides Single saccharride molecules

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Biology

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  1. Biology Proteins and Enzymes Unit 3, Notes #3

  2. Review Carbon! • Organic Compound contain __________ • Examples: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

  3. Review- Carbs • Carbohydrates are sugars (immediate NRG) • C:H:O is 1:2:1 • Building blocks = monosacharides • Single saccharride molecules • Glucose, fructose, ribose, etc • Disaccharides – 2 monos combined • Sucrose (table sugar), lactose (in milk) • Block Tower = polysaccarhides • Starch (created by plants), cellulose, • Glycogen – made by muscles and liver from cellulose

  4. Review - Lipids Glycerol molecule • Lipids (Fats) • Monomer: Fatty Acid • Polymer: Lipid • Structure: Fatty Acids • bonded to compounds • such as glycerol • (carbon, hydrogen and oxygen!) • Most Common lipids: Fats, • Oils, Cholesterol, Waxes

  5. Review - Lipids • Fats and Oils = long term energy storage • Carbs can be turned into lipids to be stored as energy for much later use • Overall, they yield less energy than carbs • Saturated – animal fats, all single C-C bonds • Unsaturated – plants, at least one double C=C bond • Waxes – repel water (plants and animals can produce this) • Phospholipids – cell membranes • Cholesterol – too much is BAD

  6. Proteins

  7. Used in variety of cellular functions Made of smaller amino acids Monomer: Amino acid Polymer: Protein, held together by peptide bonds Only 20 amino acids… but thousands of proteins Exact arrangement of amino acids determines the protein Protein Basics leucine valine glycine alanine leucine leucine histi- dine aspara- gine serine proline = protein A valine leucine glycine alanine leucine leucine histi- dine aspara- gine serine proline = protein B Amino acid (monomer) leucine valine glycine alanine leucine leucine = protein C

  8. Amino Acid Structure 5 basic parts 1) Central C atom 2) Amino group (NH2) 3) H 4) Carboxyl group (COOH) 5) R group . . Only 20 amino acids… Each has different R group

  9. What differs between these 6 amino acids? Each “R” group is different

  10. Proteins • C, H, O, N, Sulfur and Phosphorous • “building blocks” of organisms • Functions of proteins: • Movement- Muscle fibers • Structure- cartilage, bones, tendons • Regulation-control chemical reactions • Transport- hemoglobin carries O2 • Defense – antibodies are proteins that fight off bacteria and viruses

  11. Review • What are the smaller monomers that make proteins called? • How many different amino acids exist? • How does each amino acid differ? • The NH2 part of the amino acid is called the ____ group. • The COOH part of the amino acid is called the ____ group.

  12. Chemical Reactions Reactants Products • Change substances into different ones by breaking and forming chemical bonds • Reactants are the substances changed during a chemical reaction. • Products are the substances made by a chemical reaction

  13. Type of Protein - enzyme • Enzyme: • Increases the speed of specific chemical reactions so they happen faster! Does this by lowering the energy it takes for the rxn to happen • Breaking down food • Build needed molecules • “catalyst” – something that speeds up a reaction • They can work inside cells and outside cells • Sensitive to pH and temperature • ex: If high fever: enzymes lose ability to work • Ex. Cooking “denatures” enzymes • Reusable • Helps to maintain homeostasis

  14. Type of Protein - enzyme • Vocab: • Catalyst – anything that speeds up a rxn • Enzyme – proteins that lower the energy it takes for a chemical rxn to happen • Substrate – compounds put together (synthesized) OR broken down by enzymes • Coenzyme – a 2nd enzyme needed to help do the job

  15. Another Enzyme Structure Lock and Key Model Analogy

  16. Review • Given the following chemical formula list the products and reactants: 6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O • Which group of proteins help to start chemical reactions? • What are the molecules called that react with enzymes? • What are the substances that are changed during a chemical reaction called? • What is another term for a catalyst? • What can cause an enzyme to stop functioning? • What do enzymes weaken between molecules?

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