Workshop Overview

1. Workshop Overview April 26-28, 2005 Tim Cox, NASA DFRC

2. Outline • Background • Objectives • Approach • Missions

3. Civil UAV Capabilities Assessment • Need: identify capabilities needed in future civil UAV’s to enable informed funding decisions on key technologies • Task: Develop a Civil UAV Capability Assessment (2015 Time Frame) • Customers: Sub-Orbital Science Program (Yuhas), Vehicle Systems Program (Camacho) • Complement DOD roadmap • Homeland Security, Commercial, Land Management, Earth Science considered • Objectives : • Document future missions of civil UAVs based on user defined needs • Document the technologies necessary to support those missions • Discuss SOA of those technologies, identifying those in progress, those planned, and those for which no current plans exist • Provide the foundations for development of a comprehensive civil UAV roadmap • Status: • Initial version is available via web-site • Information sources for initial version • primarily earth science missions • personal interviews: U.S. Coast Guard, U. S. Forest Service, Idaho Department of Fish and Game, University of Hawaii Dept. of Oceanography

4. Summary of Findings • 35 Missions • Earth Sciences • Firefighting Missions • Wildlife Management • Capabilities and Technologies • 21 Basic Technologies and Capabilities • Cross-referenced to Mission Support • Economic Benefits • Non-recurring costs • Recurring costs

5. Autonomous Mission Mgmt. Remote Bases Access to The NAS All Weather Contingency Management Precision Trajectories Collision Avoidance Precision State Data UAV Missions Intell. Vehicle System Mngmt Quick Deployment Reliable Flight Systems Deploy / Retrieve Vertical Profiling Over-the-Horizon Communication Terrain Avoidance Outside Cmd. And Control High Availability Long Range and Endurance High Altitude Multi-Ship Operation Formation Flight - PossibleDevelopmentGap UAV Capabilities Frequency of Occurrence: High Medium Low

6. SSMF Workshop • Major source of information in Assessment: Suborbital Science Missions of the Future (SSMF) workshop • Pre-preliminary design exercise by sub-orbitial science community to develop innovative mission concepts that take advantage of UAV’s • 20+ conceptualized missions • Provide a basis for identifying future UAV capabilities or technologies • From SSMF information: • Parallel developments necessary for science sensors to enable UAV mission vision • Power and propulsion technology one of the key enabling technologies (e.g. long endurance)

7. Purpose of the Workshop • Reveal science sensor technology gap data • More details than just miniaturization • Assessment to include a section on this topic, ESTO authored or edited • Determine power and propulsion technology shortfall data • Data intended to supplement platform technology gap section in assessment

8. Workshop Approach Mission sessions Tech sessions

9. Mission-Based Approach • Need a context for sensors, power and propulsion to use for examining future capabilities • Aid to answering question: where are the technology gaps? • Make use of previously developed conceptualized missions (SSMF workshop), developed by science community, to provide the context • Sample of missions based on sensor variety, propulsion issues • Missions are pre-design phase, highly conceptual • Useful for determining where technology needs are • Useful as a tool in an exercise which reveals technology gaps • Not designed as a flow down from specifically derived scientific objectives • Assumptions and inferences on sensors and power and propulsion attendees will be required • This is OK!!! Just document assumptions and inferences • Keep the discussion flowing!

10. Mission Characteristics • Six Mission descriptions provided: • Hurricane Genesis, Evolution, and Landfall • Cloud, Aerosol, Water Vapor, and Total Water Measurements • Active Fire, Emissions, and Plume Assessment • Southern Ocean Carbon Cycle • Antarctic Explorer (Cyrosphere) • Vegetation Structure, Composition, and Canopy Chemistry • Potential platform class(es) to assign to a mission • Daughter ship UAV (launched from mother ship) • Small UAV (~20 lbs payload) • Medium UAV • Large UAV (~2000 lbs payload) • Very Long Endurance UAV (3 days +) • Assumptions across all missions • For sensor track: Platform is capable of performing the mission as described in the profile • OTH network centric communications • ‘File and fly’ access to airspace • ‘Plug and Play’ open architecture • Capable of 100% nominal autonomous sensor operation

11. Hurricane Genesis, Evolution and Landfall • Science objective: Observation of hurricanes to improve predictions of hurricane paths and landfall. • Remote, high altitude measurements: • Tropospheric measurements: • Boundary Layer: • Precipitation • Clouds • Meteorological sounding • Electrical activity • Microphysics • Dust • 4-D thermodynamics • Winds • Sea surface temperature • Surface winds • Surface imaging • Turbulent flux • Surface state: wave spectra, sea spume, etc

12. Hurricane

13. Cloud, Aerosol, Water Vapor, and Total Water Measurements • Science objective: study transformations of aerosols and gases in following cloud systems • Convective systems • Sea breeze cloud formation • Marine stratiform • Contrails in the Central U.S. in air traffic regions • Synoptic scale systems & Fronts • Cirrus outflow • Measurement • Water vapor, total water, water isotopes • Temperature • Pressure • Winds • Ozone • Lightning • Aerosols and cloud particles • Source gases and tracers • IR radiance • Radicals

14. Cloud, Aerosol, Water Vapor and Total Water Measurements • Cloud and aerosol particles • Chemical composition • Number, size, volume • Habit • Extinction and absorption • Source gases and tracers • Hydrocarbons, Formaldehyde • HN03, NOy, CO2, CO, HCl, CH3I, HCl • Sulfur species (e.g. H2SO4, SO2) • Radicals • NO, NO2, OH • HO2, RO2

15. Cloud, Aerosol, Water Vapor, and Total Water Measurements, cont’d

16. Active Fire, Emissions, and Plume Assessment • Science objective: understand the influence of an active fire on carbon cycle dynamics • Measurements: • Atmospheric chemistry • Thermal intensity time-series • Plume composition: volume, albedo, particle size distribution • Fuel type and quality

17. Active Fire, Emissions, and Plume Assessment, cont’d

18. Southern Ocean Carbon Cycle • Science objective: local to regional sea-air flux measurements that reduce uncertainty in global measurements and models of CO2 flux • Measurements • Measure winds • CO2 • Sea state (obstacle avoidance) • Surface temperature

19. Southern Ocean Carbon Cycle, cont’d

20. Antarctic Explorer (Cryosphere) • Science objective: • Provide data for validating simulations of the dynamics of ice and land topography, iceberg volume, glacier profiles and glacier channel profiles • Provide data on the effect on the ocean environment • Measurements • Time dependence of ice and land topography • Coastal and open ocean salinity temperature, and currents, at surface and beneath iceberg depths • Time evolution of targeted iceberg freeboard volume, land glacier profiles, and glacier channel profiles • Atmospheric boundary layer observations at high space/time resolution

21. Antarctic Explorer, cont’d

22. Vegetation Structure, Composition, and Canopy Chemistry • Science objective: Provide 3-dimensional vegetation structure and information on composition and chemistry • Measurements • Terrestrial biomass • Leaf-level chemistry (eg. lignin, xanthophylls, etc.) • Water canopy content

23. Vegetation Structure, Composition, and Canopy Chemistry, cont’d

24. Key Characteristics

25. Summary • Why are we here? • To supply science sensor technology gap data to fit within user-defined future UAV uses • To document power/propulsion shortfalls • What are we going to do? • Meet in two sessions to collect data • Mission based • Technology based • What do we hope to gain? • Updates to the capabilities assessment which will enable efficient funding policies of key technologies

26. Logistics • Mission session at 1:30 • Sensor track: Room 335 • Power and Propulsion Track: Room 312 • No later than 5:30 PM: report out within each track • Lunch Logistics…