Focus

1. Focus How did Caesar become popular? Discuss what happens to the First Triumvirate and its effects on Rome.

2. Caesar to the Pax Romana

3. Caesar • After civil war, he pardoned all the Senators that fought against him with Pompey • He distributed land to the poor • He granted citizenship to ALL people in the empire, including those outside of Italy • He created Public Works to give people jobs

4. Cont… • He increased the pay received by soldiers • Introduced a more accurate calendar, The Julian Calendar was used until 1582! • Despite reforms, the Senate still hates him • Caesar was killed by the Senate(Cassius and Brutus) on March 15, 44 B.C. • The Civil War that followed destroyed the Republic for good.

5. Cont… • The conspirators wanted to restore the Republic, but instead, another round of horrors followed. • Marc Antony, the consul, was now the official head of the state. • Caesar's murderers had to escape from the city that they had wished to liberate.

6. Cont… • There was one minor cloud on Marc Antony's horizon: Caesar had left three quarters of his estate to his great-nephew Octavian, who was with the army in the east. • Antony and Octavian eventually fight in a civil war, where in two battles, he defeated Marc Antony, who fled with difficulty across the Alps, where he managed to gain the support of all troops in Spain in Gaul. Then, Caesar Octavian showed that actually, he had used Cicero(senator): he marched on Rome and demanded the consulship. Again, the Senate had to yield to a revolutionary leader with an army.

7. Cont… • Then, unexpectedly, he decided to sign peace with Marc Antony: he had learned that it was impossible to defeat the man who controlled Spain and Gaul, but together they could destroy the Republic, if they managed to defeat Caesar's murderers, • In 42, Brutus and Cassius were defeated at Philippi, on the northern shore of the Aegean Sea.

8. Cont… • Marc Antony, Caesar Octavian and Lepidus formed the Second Triumvirate and divided the Mediterranean: Marc Antony received the east, Lepidus Africa and the rest was to be Caesar Octavianus's. • Formally, the Republic had ended when the senate ratified a bill giving these three men dictatorial powers

9. Cont… • Lepidus was simply appointed pontifex maximus • Marc Antony fell in love with Cleopatra, and launched a disastrous expedition against the Parthians • In 31, Julius Caesar's heir defeated Marc Antony in a naval engagement off the Greek coast, the Battle of Actium.

10. Cont… • Octavian changes his name to Augustus and gains all the powers of a king, without actually being called such and was backed by a strong army. • He continues what his great uncle had been doing insofar as granting citizenship to people who didn’t live in Italy.

11. Augustus and the Pax Romana • Augustus would start a new era in Roman history-The Pax Romana • Latin for "the Roman peace", is the long period of relative peace experienced by states within the Roman Empire. • The term stems from the fact that Roman rule and its legal system pacified regions, sometimes forcefully, which had suffered from the quarrels between rival leaders.

12. Closure • 1. What are some of Julius Caesar’s reforms? • 2. What happens to Rome after Caesar’s death? • 3. What happens at the Battle of Actium? • 4. What does Pax Romana mean?