Female dispersal and gene flow

1. Relationship between population genetic structure and gender specific dispersal and gene flow Female dispersal and gene flow Low High Geographic structure in… mtDNA-- yes Autosomal genes-- yes Y-linked genes-- yes Demographic autonomy-- yes Geographic structure in… mtDNA-- no Autosomal genes-- no Y-linked genes-- *** Demographic autonomy-- *** Low Male dispersal and gene flow Geographic structure in… mtDNA-- no Autosomal genes-- no Y-linked genes-- no Demographic autonomy-- no Geographic structure in… mtDNA-- yes Autosomal genes-- no Y-linked genes-- no Demographic autonomy-- yes High

2. Using “acquired” markers to complement molecular studies Some Examples: Can tell you about the movements and spatial preferences of animals. Are not transmitted across generations so do not provide historical data. Measuring isotope ratios in tissues Measuring parsite loads Physical tags (e.g. bird bands) Radio transmitters

3. Population structure registered by Genetic markers Acquired markers Breeding area Non-breeding area Freshwater Fishes High High Vagile Fishes ocean ocean Low Low individuals sampled here * acquired Anadromous Fishes ocean stream High Low individuals sampled here acquired * Catadromous Fishes ocean stream Low High

4. Mixed-Stock Assessments of Fish Introductions Some examples and outcomes: Hybridization was observed among landlocked brown trout and introduced anadromous forms in the Conwy River of N. Wales, but introduced forms in Spain went extinct. diagnostic salmon markers for anadromous forms? streams See Figure 9.4

5. Mixed Stock Analysis in Conservation Biology Caretta caretta 20,000 caught in swordfish longlines in Mediterranean each year (~20% die). Only 50% of the catch originate from Mediterranean Beaches. Loggerhead Turtle Determined using maximum likelihood analysis of mtDNA

6. Evolutionary verses Management Units At a shallow-level: MU: Any population that exchanges so few migrants with others as to be genetically distinct from them will normally also be demographically independent. e.g. rookeries of sea turtles in the same ocean basin At a deeper level: EU: One or a set of populations with a distinct long-term evolutionary history mostly separate from that of other such units. e.g. Pacific rookeries vs Atlantic rookeries (figure 6.5)

7. Molecular Analyses Have Revealed EUs When They Weren’t Expected African elephants (Loxodonta) As a result of molecular analyses two species are now recognized: L. Africana and L. cyclotis See Figure 9.6 and Table 9.3

8. Molecular Analyses Have Failed to Reveal EUs When They Were Expected Driven to extinction, many thought it was a distinct evolutionary lineage. But see Figure 9.7 Dusky Seaside sparrow Avise and Nelson, 1989

9. Guidelines for Conserving Phylogeographic Diversity • Limit unnecessary transplantations. • There are concerns even when • transplanting pops within species. • The burden of proof should be on the • advocates of the transplantation. • Design regional reserves. • Identify areas that contain sources of phylogeographic • diversity…..”phylogeographic parks” • Focus on preserving biodiversity • rather than preserving • special features of the landscape. Cyprinodon desert pupfish

10. Recognition of Endangered Species Continued support for the Endangered Species Act and CITES Under ESA: listings maybe made for a species, a subspecies, or a distinct population segment (shares common lineage). “Endangered” = At risk of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range “Threatened” = Likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future.

11. Molecular Forensics Numerous examples where molecular markers have been used to identify the species or geographical source of a commercial animal product. Table 9.5 Figure 9.9 Show Tsukiji Fish Market Slides

12. Ranking Taxa For Conservation • In Management Practice: • Rarity • Restricted distribution • Ecological importance • Charisma • Economics • Management feasibility • Phylogenetic distinctiveness Figure 9.13