Den 9: Geology

1. Den 9: Geology

2. Geology Pin: Requirement 12 • James Christiansen • Education • Job preparation • Different Jobs for Geologists

3. Geology Loop: Requirement 1 • What is Geology • Geology (from the Greekγῆ, gê, "earth" and λόγος, logos, "study") is the science comprising the study of solid Earth, the rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by which they change. Geology can also refer generally to the study of the solid features of any celestial body (such as the geology of the Moon or Mars).

4. Geology Pin: Requirement 3 • Igneous • Granite • Basalt • Obsidian • Sedimentary • Sandstone • Limestone • Conglomerate • Shale • Metamorphic • Marble • Coal • Quartzite • Slate

5. Geology Loop: Requirement 2 • Igneous • Igneous rock is formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. Igneous rock may form with or without crystallization, either below the surface as intrusive (plutonic) rocks or on the surface as extrusive (volcanic) rocks. • Sedimentary • Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the deposition of material at the Earth's surface and within bodies of water. Sedimentation is the collective name for processes that cause mineral and/or organic particles (detritus) to settle and accumulate or minerals to precipitate from a solution. Particles that form a sedimentary rock by accumulating are called sediment. • Metamorphic • Metamorphic rocks arise from the transformation of existing rock types, in a process called metamorphism, which means "change in form". The original rock (protolith) is subjected to heat (temperatures greater than 150 to 200 °C) and pressure (1500 bars),[1] causing profound physical and/or chemical change. The protolith may be sedimentary rock, igneous rock or another older metamorphic rock. • Review rock samples brought to the meeting

6. Geology Loop: Requirement 3 • A mineral is a naturally occurring substance that is solid and stable at room temperature, representable by a chemical formula, usually abiogenic, and has an ordered atomic structure. It is different from a rock, which can be an aggregate of minerals or non-minerals, and does not have a specific chemical composition. The exact definition of a mineral is under debate, especially with respect to the requirement a valid species be abiogenic, and to a lesser extent with regards to it having an ordered atomic structure. The study of minerals is called mineralogy. • Homework – collect three minerals

7. Geology Loop: Requirement 3 • Examples of Minerals in Texas • Aragonite • Calcite (12-14 varieties) • Calomel • Celestine • Cinnabar • Fluorite (2 varieties) • Gadolinite • Gypsum (6-8 varieties) • Petrified palmwood • Quartz (3-5 varieties) • Strontianite • Terlinquaite • Vanadinite • Rocks • Llanite

8. Geologist: Requirement 2 • Metals (Ores) • Chrome = chromite • Barium = barite • Zinc = zincite or spha;erite • Titanium = sphene • Copper = copper, malachite, azurite, chalcopyrite • Iron = Pyrite, marcasite, hematite magnetite • Gold = occurs elementally typically surrounded by quartz • Silver = argentite in galena • Glass • Silica (sand) • Lime (limestone)

9. Geologist: Requirement 2 • Jewelry • Metals • Silver, Gold, Platinum • Gem Stones • Precious • Ruby, emerald, sapphire, diamond, etc • Semi-precious • Malachite, amber, amethyst, apatite, obsidian, opals, fluorite • Road Building • Sand, Cement (clays and silicates), Asphalt • Fertilizer • Gypsum, monazite, apatite, salt peter, potash

10. Geolost: Requirement 4 • Geologic Materials in My Home • Sand • Silicon Oxide • Glass • Brick • Cement • Limestones • Clays • Marble • Asphalt • Limestones • Copper tubing • Dolamite • Filters in swimming pools

11. Geologist: Requirement 3 • Hardness Scales (Mohs)

12. Geologist: Requirement 5Geology Loop: Requirement 7

13. Geologist: Requirement 6

14. Geologist: Requirement 6

15. Geologist: Requirement 6

16. Geologist: Requirement 7 • What is a fossil • Fossils (from Latinfossus, literally "having been dug up") are the preserved remains or traces of animals (also known as zoolites), plants, and other organisms from the remote past. The totality of fossils, both discovered and undiscovered, and their placement in fossiliferous (fossil-containing) rock formations and sedimentary layers (strata) is known as the fossil record. • How old is a formation • Homework: Find 2 fossils

17. Geology Pin: Requirement 5

18. Geology Pin: Requirement 5

19. Geology Pin: Requirement 5

20. Geology Pin: Requirement 5

21. Geology Pin: Requirement 13 They occur in limestone caves. The stalactite is above, and hangs downward like an icicle; the stalagmite is below and sticks up. They grow in pairs, the slightly acidic water dissolves some of the limestone, carrying it downward. When the water evaporates, the limestone appears to have flowed downward. Some of the water does not evaporate until it has fallen through the air, and landed on the floor, the remaining limestone building the stalagmite. Sometimes the stalactite is missing, as they sometimes break off and fall; you will often see their pieces on the floor.