Becoming a World Power- Imperialism

1. Becoming a World Power- Imperialism 1872-1912 Chapter 14

2. The Imperialist Vision 14 Section 1America’s Imperialist Vision • Immediately after the Civil, most Americans showed little interest in expanding the nation’s territory. • Beginning in the 1880’s, economic & military competition from other nations & a feeling of superiority led America to become a world power. • New Imperialism-many European powers were ALREADY expanding. • Overseas. • Imperialism- the economic & political domination of a Strong nation over weak nations. • Why?- 1. High tariffs- led nations to seek new markets. 2. Raw materials- Europe’s factories needed resources

3. Anglo-Saxonism Protectorates • To protect their investment, Europeans set up Protectorates(local rulers who protected investors against rebellion). • Why America became an imperialist Power • 1. Need for overseas markets & raw materials • 2. Feelings of superiority • Social Darwinism- argued that nations competed & strongest survived. • * Anglo-Saxonism- (John Fiske & Josiah Strong)- English speaking nations had superior character, ideas, & government. • Strong linked Anglo-Saxonism to missionary ideals. • *“the White Man’s Burden”

4. Push for a Modern Navy 3. *Alfred T. Mahan-wrote the book TheInfluence of SeaPower Upon History(1890). • argued that a nation needed a large navy to protect trade ships & defend the right to trade. • Americans began to call for a large modern navy to be built.

5. America Eyes the Pacific American businessmen wanted trade with China & Japan. • Asian countries worried that contact with the west would destroy their culture. • 1852- Pres. Millard Fillmore sent Commodore Matthew Perryto force a trade agreement on Japan. • 1853- Perry arrived off coast of Japan (4 warships)= Treat of Kanagawa • Japan signed a trade treaty- & slowly began to modernize & industrialize.

6. Hawaii Increased trade with Japan & China led to more interest in Hawaii. • 1820 New England missionaries had settled there; US whaling ships used it as a base. • the fertile soil was good for growing sugarcane= American settlers built sugar plantations there. • 1872- recession hit Hawaii & the US exempted them from sugar tariffs & in exchange Hawaiians granted the US the right to use Pearl Harbor as a naval base.

7. US Planters Want Hawaii • 1891- Queen Liliuokalanitook the throne; American planters disliked her • 1893- the Queen attempted to impose a constitution that would have given her authority • US Planter settlers tried to overthrow the Queen supported by US Marines & set a temp. government & asked the US to annex Hawaii. • the Queen did not resist because she feared for her people • Within 5 years- the US annexed Hawaii.

8. Latin America Latin America • Most Latin Americans bought their goods from Europe. 1889- The Pan-American Conference- US wanted all American nations to reduce tariffs. • Sponsored by Sec. of State James G. Blaine • All Latin American nations except Dominican Republic attended. • Goal- get Latin Americans to shift from buying European to buying American.

9. 14 Sec. 2 The Spanish-American War 1898- Cuba & Puerto Rico were Spain’s oldest colonies in the Americas. • Cuba produced great wealth for Spain (1/3 of world’s sugar) • Until 1886- 1/3 of Cuba’s population was enslaved • 1868- Jose Marti led an unsuccessful revolt in Cuba against Spain (Marti escaped to the US).

10. America became economically linked to Cuba • Cuba exported sugar to the US • Americans invested more than $50 million in Cuba: mines, railroads, & sugar plantations. • 1894- US imposed a new tariff (McKinley Tariff) that hurt Cuban sugar & economy. • 1895- Jose Marti returned to Cuba to start a new revolt; declared the Republic of Cuba est.

11. Yellow Journalism ** Yellow Journalism-sensationalistic & exaggerated stories merely to attract readers * Contributed to US INVOLVEMENT IN WAR • When the Cuban revolt began-Pres. Cleveland declared that the US would be neutral. • most Americans came to support the Cuban rebels because of stories of Spanish cruelty printed in US newspapers. • New York Journal& New York Worldwere competing newspapers (OWNED BY William RandolphHearst & Joseph Pulitzer). • Both newspapers printed exaggerated stories about the Spanish treatment of Cubans

12. Yellow Journalism Hearst “You provide the pictures, I’ll provide the war” Pulitzer

13. Cuba Heats up Spain sent almost 20,000 troops to Cuba & appointed Gen. Valeriano Weyler (“the Butcher”) as governor. • Cuban rebels targeted plantations, railroads, & sugar mills (hoping to lead the US to get involved). • Weyler used “re-concentration camps” = thousands of Cuban civilians died. • 1897- William McKinley became President & did not want to get involved. McKinley got Spain to make concessions: • Remove Weyler from power • Offer Cuban autonomy (self rule)-Cubans refuse

14. America Enters the Conflict Jan. 1898- Pres. McKinley sent the USS Maineto Havana Harbor, Cuba to evacuate Americans if needed. • Feb. 1898- New York Journal printed the private letter of Enrique Dupuy de Lome. • In the letter, de Lome described the US president as “weak”= US citizens angry!! • ** Feb. 15, 1898- USS Maine exploded & sank. • US citizens believed Spain was responsible (“Remember the Maine”)

15. USS Maine Before After

16. Congress Authorized War • Congress authorized $50 million to prepare for war • Jingoists- Republicans who pushed for war (nationalistic); like Theodore Roosevelt • April 1898- McKinley asked Congress to declare war! The War was Fought on Two Fronts 1. Cuba & the Phillipines • the US navy blockaded Cuba • The Philippines- a Spanish colony was the location of the Spanish fleet. • *US Commodore George Dewey & US navy sent to destroy Spanish Fleet at Manila Bay in Philippines.

17. 1. The Philippines • 20,000 US troops were sent from SF & on the way captured Guam (today American territory) • US sought help from Emilio Aguinaldo(Filipino revolutionary) to rebel against the Spanish. • Aguinaldo & rebels seized islands & the US seized the Philippines & Manila. • After the US captured Manila, it prevented Aguinaldo from entering= Filipino rebels will turn against the US.

18. 2. Battle Front Cuba Spanish troops in Cuba: weak from fighting rebels, • poorly trained, weak from disease. • Americans- poorly equipped & trained- lots of volunteers. • June 1898- 17,000 US troops land east of Santiago (capital). • Big Spanish guns at Santiago protected Spanish ships in Santiago Harbor (US wanted to capture those guns). • **The Rough Riders: US volunteer Calvary unit; composed of cowboys & sports jocks. • led by Leonard Wood; second in command Theodore Roosevelt

19. American Objective- Santiago • July 1- US troops launch a 3 pronged attack • Village of El Caney, San Juan Hill, Kettle Hill • Rough Riders & all black 9th & 10th Calvary captured Kettle Hill & next helped capture San Juan Hill. • Spanish commander ordered Spanish navy out of harbor= US navy sank or beached all Spanish ships!

20. The War Comes to an End • Spanish troops in Santiago (Cuba) Surrendered & US troops captured Puerto Rico (still US territory today). • Dec.10 1898- US & Spain signed The Treaty of Paris. • Cuba became an independent nation • US gets Guam & Puerto Rico • US paid Spain $20 million for the Philippines (we had captured Manila a day after the cease fire was signed)

21. San Juan Hill Charge!! Charge of San Juan Hill- by Remington

22. **The Platt Amendment Cuba was independent but, President McKinley took steps to ensure Cuba would be tied to the US. • Cuba could create a new constitution but the following conditions were supplied by Sen. Orville Platt: a) Cuba could not make a treaty with another country that weakened its independence. b) Cuba had to allow the US to buy or lease a naval base in Cuba (Guantanamo Bay!) c) Cuba had to maintain low debts d) US could intervene to keep peace or protect Cuban independence.

23. Puerto Rico • **The Foraker Act (1900)- established a civil government, elected legislature, governor appointed by the US. • Supreme Court ruled that Puerto Ricans are not US citizens & have no constitutional rights. • 1917- Puerto Ricans given US citizenship • Today- Should Puerto Rico be a state, independent, or continue as a common wealth of the US?? • The Philippines • Americans debated whether to annex • To annex: would provide Pacific base, large market, stop over on the way to China.

24. The Philippines • The White Man’s Burden • annex because America had the duty to civilize “less civilized people” . Opposition to annexation • William Jennings Bryan, Andrew Carnegie & others • cost of empire outweighed benefits • cheap Filipino labor would drive down American wages • its Anti-American • US decided to annex the islands Rebellion in the Philippines • Emilio Aguinaldo & rebels attacked US forces • 126,000 US troops sent to combat insurgency • US used “re-concentration camps”

25. Americans try to win the hearts & minds • William Howard Taft:chosen as civilian governor of the Philippines. • improved education, transportation, & healthcare • public schools built • certain diseases virtually wiped out- small pox • Filipino people became less hostile to the US • March 1901- Aguinaldo captured & rebels surrender • 1930’s allowed to elect own congress & president • 1946- US granted them independence

26. American Imperialism

27. 14 Section 3 New AmericanDiplomacy • 1899US was a powerful force in Asia • 3rd largest navy in world • China only bought 2% of US exports • Primary interest in Asia: commerce

28. Open Door Policy & China • War: China vs. Japan for control of Korea • Japan easily defeated China; awarded Manchuria • Proved Japan’s military technology was catching up to Western technology

29. Open Door In China • Russia did not want Japan controlling Manchuria; bordered Russia • France, Germany and Russia forced Japan to give land back to China • 1898- Russia demanded China to lease the territory to Russia. • China then leased the land out to Russia • Still belong to China but a Russian gov’t would control it (“leaseholds”)

30. Germany, France and Britain also demanded to lease Chinese land (“leaseholds”) • *Spheres of Influence: foreign nation control economic development (railroads or mining) • American officials became worried that they would be cut out of trade in China. • Pres McKinley & Sec. of State John Hay asked for *“Open DoorPolicy” • **Every country should be allowed to trade with China • All countries involved accepted the Open Door Policy

31. Political Cartoon- Open Door

32. The Boxer Rebellion • Chinese people disagreed on foreign control • Western countries called these rebels Boxers (“Society of Harmonious Fists”) • The Boxers believed that foreigners were “devils” Boxer Soldier Russian troops in Beijing

33. The Rebellion Begins • Boxer Rebellion: took over some foreign embassies, killed 200+ foreigners and took others prisoner • Killed German Ambassador • Germany, Austria-Hungary, Britain, France, Italy, Japan, Russia and US sent troops in response. • Countries agreed China would pay for damages as long as China would not be broken up into European colonies

34. 1900 Election • McKinley chose Theodore Roosevelt as running mate & defeated Williams Jennings Bryan, again (Imperialism vs. Anti-Imperialism) • Shot and killed by an anarchist (Leon Czolgosz) in Sept 1901 • Theodore Roosevelt becomes Pres (42 years old-youngest person to become pres.) • Favored increasing US prestige in the world • accepted Anglo-Saxonism- civilize the less civilized

35. Roosevelt’s Foreign Policies • Roosevelt's Foreign Policy • “Speak softly and carry a big stick” • Roosevelt & Asia • Maintained “Open Door” policy in China • Japan & the US relationship began to deteriorate after this (both struggled for power in Asia) • Sent the “Great White Fleet” (16 warships) around the world to show off our might.

36. T. Roosevelt & Japan 1. Roosevelt helped Russia & Japan negotiate an end to their war (Russo-Japanese War); won the Nobel Peace prize! 2. *The Gentleman’s Agreement: • Japan will limit emigration to the US/ Roosevelt will get California to repeal discriminatory laws.

37. Roosevelt & the Panama Canal • 1850’s US & Britain agreed to build a canal through Central America. • 1881- A French company began to build a canal but failed & sold its rights to build in Panama to the US • 1901-* Hay-Poncefote Treaty: Britain gave the US the right to build canal alone & control it. • 2 areas long considered a good place for a canal: Nicaragua or Panama • Panama was controlled by Columbia; US offered Columbia $10 million plus $250,000/year • Columbia refused the offer. • Panama wanted the canal & independence from Columbia

38. TR Makes the Canal Happen • The US & France collaborated & sent Philippe Bunau –Varilla to Panama to help start a revolt. • Nov. 1903 TR sent 10 US warships to Panama to ensure that Columbia did not interfere in the revolt. • US recognized Panama as independent • US got the right to build & control the Panama Canal for many years. • Facts: canal cut 8,000 miles off the trip from Atlantic to Pacific, cost $250 million, thousands of workers to build (1000’s died).

39. Panama Canal Under Construction

40. Roosevelt & Latin America • *Roosevelt Corollary: an addition to Monroe Doctrine • *The US has the right to intervene in Latin America when necessary to maintain stability • Goal was to prevent Europe from using debt problems to justify intervention • TR used the Corollary in the Dominican Republicin 1905 • The Dominican Republic had fallen behind in debt payments to Europe so TR usedthe Marines to collect the debt on behalf of Europe. • 1904- 1924 US presidents will use Roosevelt Corollary to send forces to Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua= poor relations with LA

41. President William Howard Taft (1909-1913) • ** T. Roosevelt stepped down after 2 terms; still tradition--- chose his friend William Taft • Election 1908- Taft (R) v. William Jennings Bryan(D); Taft won & continued TR’s policies • placed much less emphasis on military intervention in Latin America • *Dollar Diplomacy: believed that if American business supported Latin American businesses- Latin America could rise out of poverty. • American banks took over loans Latin America owed to Europe. • Ex) Nicaragua: shaky government; US bankers loaned them money in 1911- US Marines entered & replaced collector agent with US agent.

42. Foreign Policy-President WoodrowWilson • Inaugurated 1913 • University Professor • Strong on domestic issues-not foreign policy • Wanted a new foreign policy of “sheer honesty and even unselfishness” • Opposed imperialism • Wanted to promote democracy by moral example • President 1913-1921

43. Mexico & Wilson • Mexico- ruled by a dictator for more than 30 years (Porfirio Diaz) • Mexico became industrialized & foreign investors owned much of the factories & RR • Mexican citizens were poor & landless • 1911- a revolution erupted led by FranciscoMadero • Feb. 1913- Gen. Victoriano Huerta seized power & killed Madera. • President Wilson angered- did not recognize the government of Huerta. • Wilson allowed arms to be shipped to opponents of Huerta.

44. The Tampico Incident • April 1914- US sailors were seized while visiting the port of Tampico • Sailors quickly released • US commander demanded an apology from Mexican government- did not get one • Wilson asked Congress if he could use force • Wilson ordered US warships to shell Veracruz & sent Marines to seize the city. • International mediation ended the showdown • Mexico’s new president Carranza was supported by the US

45. Pancho Villa & Wilson • Many Mexican citizens did not like Carranza • conducted raids on US soil hoping to get Wilson to intervene • March 1916- Pancho Villa & rebels attacked Columbus, NM (KILLED 16 AMERICANS) • Wilson sent 6,000 troops under Gen. John Pershing to capture Villa • Villa was never captured by US troops • Wilson withdrew troops as US involvement in WWI came close

46. Wilson & Latin America • Wilson damaged US relations with Latin America & around the world • 1914- got rights to naval bases & canal in Nicaragua • 1915- sent US Marines to Haiti to put down a rebellion (stayed until 1934). • 1916- sent US troops to Dominican Republic to keep order & set up democratic government there

47. Chapter 15 Sec. 1- Roots of Progressivism – (T. Roosevelt, Taft, Wilson) • *Progressivism- a collection of ideas & activities; responses to problems caused by industrialization & urbanization in US society. • Progressives offered solutions to many of societies problems (many left over from the Populist Movement). Characteristics of Progressives: • *Mainly white, middle class, and well educated • Found in both the Republican Party & Democrat Party. • *Demanded that government take a more active role in solving society’s problems. • *Strong faith in science & technology to improve society also.

48. Problems Targeted by Progressives • Poor sanitation & safety- crowded cities & unsafe workplaces. • Poor working conditions, unsafe factories, child labor, no min. wage laws, monopolies & trusts. • Corrupt Politicians- Political machines, machine “bosses” • Alcohol abuse- blamed for many of society’s problems • Women denied the right to vote (suffrage) • Segregation (Jim Crow), lynching, poll taxes,

49. The “Muckrakers” *Muckrakers- journalists who investigated & reported social & political problems. • Popular magazines: McClure’s, Collier’s; 5 & 10 cent magazines- popular among US citizens. • Stories printed by muckrakers- were not “yellow journalism”- could be sued by corporations & people they wrote about if not true! *Notable Muckrakers • Jacob Riis-“ How the Other Half Lives”- wrote about immigrant life in NYC. • Lincoln Steffens-“Shame of the Cities”- wrote about corruption of Political machines • Ida Tarbell-investigated Standard Oil Co. • Upton Sinclair-“The Jungle”- wrote about meatpacking industry.

50. Progressive Reforms- Government • Progressives wanted to make government more efficient. • Efficient Government Reforms • Modern cities needed to use business management techniques (break tasks down into smaller units). • *Commission Plan- divided city government into several departments (each department under an expert commissioner's control)-Galveston, Texas 1901 adopted. • * Council-Manager system- city council hires a city manager to run a city instead of a mayor