Nucleus

1. Nucleus These round structures are found floating in the cytoplasm.

2. The nucleus is the genetic control center The chromosomes are replicated, organized and stored here. Nucleus

3. The nuclear membrane covers the nucleus. It allows materials to flow in and out of small pores. Nuclear Membrane

4. This round structure appears as a dark dot in the nucleus. Nucleolus Ribosomes are made here.

5. Chromosomes • Chromosomes are long string-like structures. • They are coiled to fit into the nucleus. • Chromosomes are made of DNA. • They are the genetic information of the organism.

6. Chromosomes • Also called chromatin when it is uncoiled.

7. Cell Membrane Each of the circles above is a cell membrane. This thin covering forms the outside layer of cells.

8. Consists of lipids in a “bi-layer”, proteins, and some carbohydrates. Bi-layer split • Outer limiting boundary of all cells • Selective barrier between the inside and outside of the cell

9. Cell Wall • The Cell wall gives the cell shape and protects the cell from any foreign objects. • Bacteria, fungi and plant cells contains cell walls. • It is rigid and inflexible • Cellulose is a strength molecule in plant cell walls.

10. Cell Wall • Functions: it lends the cell stability, it determines its shape and provides support.

11. Cell Walls • The cell wall is located just outside of the cell membrane

12. Mitochondria • Cell’s power source • Organelles with two membranes • Found in the cytoplasm • Usually rod shaped, although some are round • Convert energy into forms that are useable by the cell.

13. Lysosomes These bag-like structures are found in the cytoplasm They are membrane-bounded organelles filled with digestive enzymes. They break down old organelles and cells like they would food. They can destroy a cell if accidentally opened.

14. Endoplasmic Reticulum The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is found between the nucleus and the cell membrane • It is made of a system of folded membranes that create sacs and channels • There are to different types of ER: -rough ER which has ribosomes for protien synthesis. -smooth ER which is without ribosomes for lipid synthesis

15. Endoplasmic Reticulum • The ER is responsible for biosynthesis and transportation of materials inside of the cell.

16. Ribosome • Ribosomes are small round organelles made of two sub parts. • They are found loose in the cytoplasm or attached to the ER. • They are the site of protein synthesis.

17. Golgi Body(Named after the Italian Biologist Camillo Golgi) • Each of the body consists of flattened membrane sacs that are plate-like in shape. • They are considered the final packaging location for proteins and lipids. • They prepare hormones and digestive enzymes before sending them out.

18. Vacuole • The vacuole is a membrane enclosed sac filled with fluid or food. . • Most plants have a large single vacuole

19. VACUOLE • Animal cells have several smaller vacuoles. • They are used for storage and digestion.

20. Contractile Vacuole • The contractile vacuole is a specialized pump used to remove water from the cell quickly.

21. Plastids:CHLOROPLAST • Small & round organelles found in plants and photosynthetic protists. • Takes energy from the sun to create food (Photosynthesis). • Chloroplasts have 2 membranes and are filled with the sugar they make.

22. Chloroplasts are always green.Chromoplastsstorepigmentsofmany different colors.

23. Leucoplasts store food in plants like potatoes and carrots.

24. Centrioles A pair of tube-like structures that contain nine sets of three rods. • They are usually close to the nucleus outside the nuclear membrane. • Centrioles are involved in cell divisions (mitosis and meiosis.)

25. Cytoplasm • Cytoplasm is the clear, gel-like substance that fills most of the cell. • It is where many reactions occur. • The organelles are floating in it.