Rome

1. Rome

2. I. The Land and Peoples of Italy Rome’s central location and geographic features made it a desirable location from which to expand • The location of Rome was ideal for settlement, and provided a central position in Italy from which to expand • An Indo-European people known as the Latins were living in the hills of Rome from about 1500 to 1000 B.C. • They were herders and farmers • Spoke Latin

3. Reflection: Look at the location of Rome. What makes it an ideal location for a new settlement?

4. The Greeks and the Etruscans heavily influenced the development of Rome • Greeks came to Italy in large numbers during the age of Greek colonization • The Greeks occupied Sicily and influenced Rome’s cultural and artistic systems • It was the Etruscans who influenced the Rome the most • By 650 B.C., they controlled the city and most of Latium

5. Reflection: • The Latins in Rome were influenced by two major groups: the Etruscans and the Greeks. • In your opinion, which group most influenced the development of Rome and why?

6. II. The Roman Republic The Romans were practical and skillful in politics and military matters • A new era in Roman history occurred in 509 B.C. when the last Etruscan king was overthrown and a republic was established • By 264 B.C., Rome had conquered virtually all of Italy • The Roman historian Livy provided stories that glorified the virtues of past Romans

7. II. The Roman Republic • Rome was a successful empire because: • Romans were good diplomats • They were smart about extending citizenship rights • Gave conquered states the autonomy to run their own affairs • Romans were excellent at military operations • They were brilliant strategists • Built roads throughout the empire to move armies and supplies • Romans created practical legal and political institutions

8. RomanSenate Roman Road

9. II. The Roman Republic • Patricians and plebeians made up Roman society • Men in both groups were citizens and could vote • However only patricians could be elected to public office • Patricians and plebeians struggled over social and political equality

11. II. The Roman Republic • The Roman Senate was made up of 300 patricians who were elected for life • The Roman Senate selected the consuls and praetors and passed laws • Two consuls, chosen every year, ran the government and led the army into war • A praetor was in charge of civil law Reflection: How would you describe the social structure of Rome?

12. II. The Roman Republic • By 287 B.C., a law making all Roman males equal citizens was passed • Rome’s first attempt at a legal system was the TwelveTables adopted in 450 B.C. • This code of laws proved to be inadequate for the needs of the Roman society • Romans then established standards of justice that applied to all Roman citizens • The principles of this legal system provide the basis of our current legal system

13. Reflection: • Greece created a direct democracy and Rome formed a republic. • Are they both forms of a democracy? How would you define a democracy? • If so, what are similarities between the two? • What are the differences?

14. III. Roman Expansion After their conquest of Italy, the Romans faced the state of Carthage • In 264 B.C., the First Punic War began between Rome and Carthage • A Phoenician colony in North Africa that had grown wealthy from trade • Rome was victorious and claimed the island of Sicily

15. III. Roman Expansion • In 216 B.C., the Carthaginian general Hannibal crossed the Alps with his army of 46,000 men and 37 battle elephants to attack Rome • This was the beginning of the Second Punic War • In 206 B.C., the Romans pushed the Carthaginian forces out of Spain • At the Battle of Zama in 202 B.C., Rome defeated Hannibal, and Spain became a Roman province • In 146 B.C., the Third Punic War was fought. • The Romans destroyed Carthage and became the dominant power in the Mediterranean world.

17. Create a cartoon of the Punic Wars • You will create a foldable according to the teachers instructions. • You will create a cartoon for the Punic wars. Each drawing will be in chronological order and must show what took place during the 3 Punic wars. • Each slide must have a caption which gives some insight into what is happening in the slide. (using bubbles to show talking is also acceptable) • Each slide must also be colored • (Remember your teacher is visual and loves COLOR!!!

18. From Republic to Empire

19. IV. The End of the Roman Republic Political and social unrest led to civil wars, ending the Republic • By the second century B.C., the Senate was in control of foreign and domestic policy of Rome, including financialaffairs • A small group of landed aristocrats began to gain more power and soon brought instability to the Roman Republic • Small farmers were forced off their lands • They moved to the city where they created a large class of poor • Large landed estates, latifundia, were created by the rich • Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus tried to institute land reform but were murdered by a group of rich senators

21. Video: • Why do you think the patricians would take the land of the farmers? • How do you think this contributed to the fall of Rome?

22. IV. The End of the Roman Republic • A change in the recruitment of soldiers also created problems • Soldiers seeking land swore allegiance to the general, not the state • Giving military generals great power • Generals commanded legions of soldiers • A legion consisted of 5,000 troops

23. IV. The End of the Roman Republic • In 60 B.C., the First Triumvirate was formed to run the government • Triumvirate is a government by three people with equal power • The leaders of the triumvirate were Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar • Julius Caesar illegally crossed the Rubicon River with his army • causing a civil war in which he defeated Pompey • He went into Rome because he felt Rome needed to be saved from the instability

24. IV. The End of the Roman Republic • In 45 B.C., Julius Caesar was made dictator and controlled Rome • Dictator is an absolute ruler • Caesar’s land reform policies were unpopular with the rich • Members of the senate thought he wanted to be a king • He was assassinated by a group of senators in 44 B.C. • Rome plunged into civil war again

26. The Assassination of Julius Caesar Why do you think that the Senate killed Caesar? How do you think this contributed to the fall of Rome?

27. IV. The End of the Roman Republic • The Second Triumvirate was composed of Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus • Octavian and Antony soon came into conflict • Antony joined forces with Cleopatra of Egypt • After defeat, they committed suicide • Octavian soon became the sole ruler of the RomanEmpire

29. Video: • Why do you think Octavian was so successful in defeating Antony? • Why do you think the Roman Republic came to and end?

30. V. The Beginning of the Roman Empire • In 27 B.C., Octavian gave the Senate some power but became the first emperor of Rome • The Senate gave Octavian the title of Augustus, meaning the revered one • The Senate also gave Augustus the title of imperator • Imperator means commander in chief

31. V. The Beginning of the Roman Empire • Augustus’ new political system allowed the emperor to select his successor • The next four emperors came from his family • They became more powerful and corrupt • Nerowas a ruthless ruler • He blamed the burning of Rome on the Christians • He killed his own mother and also committed suicide • His death in 69 A.D. caused a civil war to break out

32. V. The Beginning of the Roman Empire • Following the civil war, emperors were more tolerant • The time period known as the PaxRomana began • Period of peace and prosperity • The building of roads and public works was undertaken to help the empire • The Roman Empire expanded to include Dacia, Mesopotamia, and the Sinai Peninsula • Trajan, one of the good emperors, strengthened his defenses along the Rhine and Danube Rivers in Europe • Hadrian built a wall in England to defend against the Scots

33. Hadrian’s Wall

35. V. The Beginning of the Roman Empire • The empire at its height was one of the greatest the world has ever known • Latin was the language of the western empire, whereas Greek was spoken in the east • Roman culture spread through the empire and mixed with the existing Greek culture resulting in a Greco-Romancivilization Interactive Map of the Roman Empire and Celtic Lands

36. Roman Empire Map • Use map on page 158 • Color the area of the Roman Empire and Create a Key and match it to key • Color the rest of the land area Brown • Color the water of Blue • Label the city of Rome and Byzantium • Label the area of Africa and Asia Minor • Label the waterways: Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, Caspian Sea, North Sea, and Red Sea, and Atlantic Ocean Roman Empire

38. Roman Culture and Society

39. VI. Roman Arts and Literature The Romans spread Greco-Roman arts and culture throughout the empire • Art and Architecture • The Romans borrowed heavily from Greek styles of art and architecture • Greek art and sculptures were highly prized by Romans • Unlike Greeks, Roman art depicted realistic forms

40. VI. Roman Arts and Literature • The Romans constructed roads, bridges, and aqueducts throughout the empire • They used curved forms: arches, vaults, and domes • They used a new and better concrete on a massive scale • Built 50,000 miles of roads • Built dozens of aqueducts that brought water to the city of over one million people

41. The Pantheon

42. Roman Aqueduct

43. The Coliseum

44. VI. Roman Arts and Literature • Literature • The Age of Augustus is known as the golden age of Latin Literature • Virgil wrote of the splendor of Rome • His masterpiece was the Aeneid • Aeneas was the ideal Roman whose virtues are duty, piety and faithfulness • Rome’s gift was the “art of ruling.”

45. C. Literature • Horace wrote Satires about the Roman people • Laughs at the weakness of humans • Livy wrote about the history of Rome, although his accuracy is often questioned • The Early History of Rome • 142books that told stories about people and their character

46. VII. Life in Ancient Rome City life in ancient Rome had problems similar to life today • Family Life • Roman households were headed by the paterfamilias—the dominant male • Could sell his children into slavery or have them put to death • Absolute authority over wife • Over time this authority over the family declined

47. VII. Life in Ancient Rome • Boys and girls were educated in Roman society • Greek slaves were often teachers for rich Romans • Upper-class girls were often sent to primary schools for their education • At the age of 12 to 14 boys entered secondary school while girls entered into marriage

48. VII. Life in Ancient Rome • Women had considerable freedom and independence • They could not enter politics • They could own and sell property, attend theatre and races, and socialize • Women were not segregated from males • Marriage meant for life but divorce was possible for both male and

49. VII. Life in Ancient Rome • Slaves • Slavery was common in the ancient world, and the Romans depended heavily on slave labor for household duties and the building of public works • Most people owned slaves and many were looked upon as part of the family household • Roman conquest brought about a change in the use of slaves • Greek slaves were used as tutors, musicians, doctors, and artists

50. D. Slavery • Some slaves were used for hard labor on farms and construction projects like roads and buildings • These slaves were treated harshly • Spartacuswas a gladiator who led a slave revolt in 73 B.C. • Involved 70,000 slaves • Defeated several Roman armies • When finally captured, Spartacus and 6,000 followers were nailed to crosses lining the streets entering Rome