The High Middle Ages

1. The High Middle Ages 1000-1300

2. Timeline for High Middle Ages & First Four Crusades • 1075-1090: Dictates of the Pope • 1095: Council of Clermont • 1096-1099: First Crusade • 1140s: Gratian produces his Decretum • 1147-1149: Second Crusade • 1164: Constitutions of Clarendon • 1189-1193: Third Crusade • 1198-1203: Fourth Crusade

3. What concept is central to our understanding of the High or Central Middle Ages? • Medieval Fusion • Expansion • Decay • Rebirth

5. The Hanseatic League c. 1300

7. Crusader States during the twelfth century

8. What was the most important cultural influence of the crusades on Europe? • They increased the interaction with Muslim culture • They increased the power & prestige of the papacy • They stimulated competition between the Church and secular rulers across Europe • They helped to divert violence away from Europe

9. Discuss Crusades

10. Templars and HospitallersChristian Soldiers of the High Middle Ages

11. Crusader States during the twelfth century

12. Cistercian leader during much of the movement’s first century Considered by many contemporaries the holiest man in Europe Preached the Second Crusade, 1147-9 Bernard of Clairvaux

15. The defeat of Christians at the Horns of Hattin sent shock waves across Europe1187

16. Leaders of the Third Crusade

18. Key Battles related to the Third Crusade:Horns of Hattin 1187Battle of Arsuf: 1191

19. Richard Lionheart& Truce with Saladin1191

20. Fourth Crusade’s Planned Course

22. The Venetian Mercantile Empire

23. Innocent III1161-1216r. 1198-1216

24. How did the crusades influence the power of the Church? • The popes became the most powerful rulers in Europe by about 1200. • The crusades stimulated religious devotion which encouraged pious bequests to the Church. • Individuals across Europe sought positions in the expanding Church hierarchy. • Positions in the Church became increasingly valuable and individuals often paid for those positions (simony).

25. What was the most likely consequence of the growing power of the papacy? • Secular rulers gave up their rights to control their states. • Popes were very careful to avoid overstepping the boundary between Church and state. • Popes and kings increasingly vied for power. • All of the above • None of the above

26. Medieval Universities

27. Gratian’s Decretumc. 1140Foundation for Systematic Canon Law of Church Courts

28. Innovations in Medieval Theology

29. Romanesque Architecturedominant in new construction in the West until c. 1140

30. French Gothic at St. Chapelle

33. Gothic Cross-Section

34. St. Francis

36. Henry II of England: 1154-1189Creator of English Common Law

37. Constitutions of Clarendon, 1164 1. If a controversy concerning advowson and presentation of churches arise between laymen, or between laymen and clerks, or between clerks, it shall be treated of and terminated in the court of the lord king. 2. Churches of the fee of the lord king cannot, unto all time, be given without his assent and concession. 3. Clerks charged and accused of anything, being summoned by the Justice of the king, shall come into his court, about to respond there for what it seems to the king's court that he should respond there; and in the ecclesiastical court for what it seems he should respond there; so that the Justice of the king shall send to the court of the holy church to see in what manner the affair will there be carried on. And if the clerk shall be convicted, or shall confess, the church ought not to protect him further.

38. 4. It is not lawful for archbishops, bishops, and persons of the kingdom to go out of the kingdom without the permission of the lord king. And if it please the king and they go out, they shall give assurance that neither in going, nor in making a stay, nor in returning, will they seek the hurt or harm of king or kingdom. 5. The excommunicated shall not give a pledge as a permanency, nor take an oath, but only a pledge and surety of presenting themselves before the tribunal of the church, that they may be absolved. 16. The sons of rustics may not be ordained without the consent of the lord on whose land they are known to have been born.

39. Assize of Clarendon, 1166 1. In the first place the aforesaid king Henry, by thee counsel of all his barons, for the preservation of peace and the observing of justice, has decreed that an inquest shall be made throughout the separate counties, and throughout the separate hundreds, through twelve of the more lawful men of the hundred, and through four of the more lawful men of each township, upon oath that they will speak the truth: whether in their hundred or in their township there be any man who, since the lord king has been king, has been charged or published as being a robber or murderer or thief; or anyone who is a harbourer of robbers or murderers or thieves. And the Justices shall make this inquest by themselves, and the sheriffs by themselves.

40. Judges in Eyre travelled across all Angevin Territories

41. Writ from early 12th century

42. Juries of presentment were quite different from these dudes

43. Common Law Judges were bound to follow legal precedent

44. The Emergence of the Gentry

45. Literacy and Religion c. 1300

46. The Divine Comedy: Learned Vernacular

47. Birth of Venus 1480s - Botticelli

48. Which figures are central to the Hunt reading for today? • Thomas Aquinas and Joachim of Fiore • Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine • Peter Abelard & Heloise • St. Bernard and St. Francis

49. Where did Gothic Architecture first develop? • Near Rome • Near Paris • Near London • Near Prague • Near Leiden

50. Why did the First Crusade contribute mightily to the growing power of the papacy?